Ac 452 chapter 11

Income that includes wages, salary, commissions, bonuses, profits from a trade or business in which the taxpayer is a material participant, gain on the sale or other disposition of assets used in an active trade or business, and income from intangible property if the taxpayer’s personal efforts significantly contributed to the creation of the property. The passive activity loss rules require classification of income and losses into three categories with active income being one of them.

Generally, a taxpayer can deduct losses related to a trade or business, S corporation, partnership or investment asset only to the extent of the at risk amount.

A corporation where stock ownership is not widely dispersed. Rather, a few shareholders are in control of corporate policy and are in a position to benefit personally from that policy.

Services provided by individuals where the customers’ use of the property is incidental to their receipt of the services. For example a patient’s use of a hospital bed is incidental to his or her receipt of medical services. This is one of the six exceptions to determine whether an activity is a passive rental activity.

Consisting of virtually the same elements as portfolio income, a measure by which to justify a deduction for interest on investment indebtedness

Payment for the use of funds used to acquire assets that produce  investment income. The deduction for investment interest is limited to net investment income for the tax year. Material participation- if an individual taxpayer materially participates in a nonrental trade or business activity, any loss from that activity is treated as an active loss that can be offset against active income. Material participation is achieved by meeting any one of seven tests provided in the regulations.

The excess of investment income over investment expenses. Investment expenses are those deductible expenses directly connected with the production of investment income. Investment expenses do not include investment interest. The deduction for investment interest for the tax year is limited to net investment income.

Any loss from (1) activities in which the taxpayer does not materially participate or (2) rental activities (subject to certain exceptions). Net passive losses cannot be used to offset income from nonpassive sources. Rather, they are suspended until the taxpayer either generates net passive income (and a deduction of such losses is allowed) or dispose of the underlying property (at which time the loss deductions are allowed in full). One relief provision allows landlords who actively participate in the rental activities to deduct up to 25000 of passive losses annually. However, a phase-out of the 25000 of amount commences when the landlord’s AGI exceeds 100,000. Another relief provision applies for material participation in a real estate trade or business.

A Corporation whose principal activity is the performance of personal services and where such services are substantially performed by the employee-owners. The 35 percent statutory income tax rate applies to PSCs

Income from interest, dividends, rentals, royalties, capital gains, or other investment sources. Net passive losses cannot be used to offset net portfolio income.

any activity where payments are received principally for the use of tangible property is a rental activity. Temporary Regulations provide that in certain circumstances, activities involving rentals of real and personal property are not to be treated as rental activities. The Temporary Regulations list six exceptions.

Seven tests determine whether an individual has achieved material participation in an activity, one of which is based on more than 500 hours of participation in significant participation activities. A significant participation activity is one in which the individual’s participation exceeds 100 hours during the year.

The typical tax shelter generated large losses in the early years of the activity. Investors would offset these losses against other types of income and therefore avoid paying income taxes on this income. These tax shelter investments could then be sold after a few years and produce capital gain income, which is taxed at a lower rate compared to ordinary income. The passive activity loss rules and the at risk rules now limit tax shelter deductions.