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Albion Small
Head of first sociology department in US at University of Chicago
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Alienation
A situation in which people are estranged from their social world and feel that life is meaningless
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Anomie
A social condition in which social norms are conflicting or entirely absent
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Auguste Comte
French philosopher regarded by many as the founder of sociology
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Bourgeoisie
Marxist term for the people who own factories, production plants and businesses
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C. Wright Mills
Developed the concept of sociological imagination
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Chicago School of Sociology
First sociology department in US; dedicated to the study of urban life and training students in research
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Dysfunctions
Actions that have negative consequences for society
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Functions
Actions that have positive consequences for society
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Emile Durkheim
French sociologist and educator whose ideas on social solidarity are the foundation for functionalism
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Harriet Martineau
British sociologist who translated and edited Comte's work
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Herbert Spencer
British social theorist whose views on the evolution of societies were labled social Darwinism
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Hull House
Founded in 1889 to serve the needs of people living in disorganized neighborhooods in Chicago
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Jane Addams
American sociologist who co-founded Hull House; won 1931 Nobel Peace Prize for outstanding achievements in public service
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Karl Marx
German Philosopher who proposed that conflict between social classes causes social change
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Latent Functions
Functions that are unintended or unrecognized by others
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Lester F. Ward
American paleontologist who divided sociology into pure and applied subdivisions
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Manifest Functions
Functions that are intended or recognized by others
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Max Weber
German political and social theorist who argued that under capitalism society was becoming bureaucratic, impersonal, and excessively rational
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Means of Production
Marxist term for factories, production plants and businesses
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Mechanical Solidarity
Social solidarity based on shared values
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Organic Solidarity
Social solidarity based on a functional interdependence among people
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Perspectives
Our mental pictures of the relative importance of things
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Proletariat
Marxist term for the workers who sell their labor to the bourgeoisie
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Rationalization
The replacement of traditional thinking with rational thinking, or thinking that heavily emphasizes deliberate calculation, efficiency, and effectiveness in the accomplishment of explicit goals
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Robert Ezra Park
Journalist-sociologist who viewed Chicago as a sociological laboratory and the everday activities of its citizens as worthy of study
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Scientific Method
An objective and judicious approach to empirical evidence. Scientists are objective because they do not allow their personal opinions to enter into their scientific work; and they are judicious becuase they require a substantial, if not overwhelming, body of objective evidence before arriving at a conclusion
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Social Darwinism
Another name for social evolution theory; usually refers to the ideas of Herbert Spencer
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Social Evolution Theories
Theories of social change that assert that societies evolve from the simple to the complex
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Social Integration
The degree to which members of a society are united by shared values and other social bonds
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Social Power
The ability to get others to conform to one's wishes even against their own desires
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Social Structure
The relatively pernament components of our social enviornment
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Sociological Imagination
The intellectual ability to discern the relationship between individual experience and social forces in the larger society
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Sociology
The scientific study of social structure and social interaction and of the factors making for change in social structure and social interaction
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Symbol
A representation that stands for something else
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Theory
A body of plausible assertions that scientifically explain a phenomenon
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W.E.B. Dubois
Considered father of African American sociology
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William Graham Sumner
American sociologist who viewed life as a struggle for existence in which only the fittest survive
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