Final Biology Maccorstin

First line of defense; oily and acidic

Group of genes that code for a protein and help the immune system identify foreign particles

Big wbc macrophage eats invader, displays antigen, helper T-cell binds, releases interleukin which signals to create killer t-cells which inject toxins afterwards regulator t-cells end response, macrophage eats the rest of the bacteria

activating agent which signals killer T-cell replication

Killer t-cells  which bind to invaders and inject toxins

Secrete antibodies

Y-shaped protein which binds to antigens to inactivate them

• Passive: Never exposed to pathogen
• Active: Exposed to pathogen

Tissue layer that secretes mucus

Foreign invaders

Big white blood cell that eats the invaders and displays a piece on its cell surface

Binds to antigen and secrete interleukin

B-cells make specific antibodies for diseases, divide into memory b-cells and plasma b-cells, Antibodies destroy antigens, phagocy clean up, memory b-cells remember them

Sub group of b-cell which remembers invaders for next time. Provide quick immunity response.

• Temperature to kill with heat
• Mucus to get the pathogens out
• Cough to get pathogens out

When the immune system attacks itself

A hypersensitivity of the immune system; antigen attaches to certain allergen to cause a massive inflammatory response

Prophylactic: Prevent diseases by giving whole (killed/mutated) or piece of antigen to get memory b-cells 

Kill bacteria with protein synthesis but some form a resistance to it

Key substance that causes allergy responses

• 1.The cell mediated: Big wbc macrophage eats invader, displays antigen, helper T-cell binds, releases interleukin which signals to create killer t-cells which inject toxins afterwards regulator t-cells end response, macrophage eats the rest of the bacteria
• 2. The Humoral Response:B-cells make specific antibodies for diseases, divide into memory b-cells and plasma b-cells, Antibodies destroy antigens, phagocy clean up, memory b-cells remember them
• 3. Integumentary: Includes skin, antimicrobial proteins, Cilia, stomach acid and symbiotic bacteria in the intestines

The genetic alteration of a cell by insertion of foreign DNA, which could be used for curing diseases and building immunity by inserting specifically designed/harvested DNA into animal/human cells.

• The process of making sex cells. The cell cycle is:
• Interphase, meiosis I (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), Meiosis II (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), Interpahse (Chromosomes begin as chromatin which is loose DNA, at the end of interphase DNA is replicated once)

• The formation of the egg cell
• Begins in ovary with formation of primary diploid cell call an oocyte
• Oocyte makes 4 haploid cells but three go unused as the best is selected to become the egg

• Process of creating sperm occurring in the testicles
• Primary diploid spermatocyte undergoes meiosis and makes 4 haploid sperm cells

• Where one trait (dominant) only needs one allele to be present and the other (recessive) needs both.
• Some can't be categorized like this because they are co-dominant like blue and green eyes. Or sex linked traits where it men only need one and women need both no matter what

Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, all organisms within a population have variations in their traits, the organisms with the variations best for the environment will survive and pass on their traits (survival of the fittest) This process continues until the entire species begins to evolve.

• Oncogenes are damaged genes which stimulate cell growth, causing a cancerous tumor
• Tumor suppressor genes suppress abnormal genes and act as brake pedals to make the cell commit apoptosis.

Cut DNA at very specific recognitions sequences

Separate DNA fragments according to size

Testing for cancer, testing for cancer risk genes or any other kind of specific gene

Groups of living organism that depend on each other and the environment for survival

Non-living factors that influence the biotic components of an ecosystem

Biotic component that creates its own food (producer)

Biotic composers that break down and recycle organic material back into the environment

• A linked feeding series
• Producer->primary consumer->secondary consumer

Lowest level of the food chain which creates its own food (plant)

Area in which organism live

Role an organism plays in an ecosystem

Living components of an ecosystem

Biotic component that consumes other organisms for food

• Geographical/climatically similar areas
• Coniferous forest, tundra, Savannah desert

Linked food chain, less linear.

A heterotroph such as an herbivore (primary consumer) or a carnivore (secondary consumer)

The group/number of a species in an area

Level in the food chain where an organism is found

A group of organisms/population of different species that occupy a particular area and interact with the environment around them

The potential growth of a species under perfect conditions

exponential growth when population size increases at constant rate because under ideal living conditions

A factor in an environment which controls a process, usually growth

How nutrients move from the environment to the organisms

A growth in which the rate is proportional to the increasing number.

The most amount of organisms of a species which can survive over a long period of time in a given environment

Having more of a species than what can be sustained.

A chlorinated organic insecticide that was used to control malaria carrying mosquitoes but make some resistant

• Principle of dominance
• Principle of segregation
• Principle of independent assortment

Out of 2 alleles the dominant is expressed with one allele and in the presence of a recessive allele will be the only one showing

A gamete can only carry dominant or recessive traits and there are no blending of mendelian factors.

The tow characters are assorting in independent ways.

Always shown when present

Multiple alleles/traits to be inheirited

The kinds of feelers the blood cells have/accept

Blended alleles

Gene causes multiple effects

Transferred on the x chromosome

Both alleles show

Multiple genes control traits

Irregularly shaped unstoppably dividing cells

Growth, DNA replication, Organelles made, interphase, mitosis, proteins regulate at checkpoint stages inbetween

Inherited mutation

From the body and somatic cells

Normal cell growth regulating genes

Protein that halts cell division

Abnormal number of chromosomes

Invasion/spread of cancer

Not cancerous, but can become cancerous

Spreading, invading cancer

Environment, diet, smoking etc. Inherited mutation from parents, viruses, chemicals, radiation, hormones

Radiation therapy. Use a biopsy to test for it

Inherited cancer

Writing out of DNA

Cancer=accumulated mutation result, especially from 2 parent chromosomes

Fossils of altered versions of animals, differences in the same species based on location, embryo development, molecules showing the past life

Created theory of evolution

Species evolve to survive in their environment

Change of biological population triggered by the change of a related population

Separate populations of species evolve seperately

Organisms in the same environment evolve similar adaptations

Sum total of all living organisms on the planet

Change in gene pool

Combination of all alleles in a population

How often an allele is seen in a gene pool

trait variant

Can give trait to offspring but doesn't express it

Segment of chromosomes in meiosis

Has dominant and recessive alleles

Has either two dominant or two recessive alleles

Traits

Extra (pair) of chromosomes

Create traits

A packed coil of genes

Center of a cell

Containing two sets of chromosomes

Haploid cells

Both type of chromosomes

Genetic makeup

Physical traits expressed

Inherited blood disease with crescent shaped blood cells

Switch of parts of a chromosome

Traits/genetic makeup

Process of translocation

Set of genes in an organism

Cell or organism having half of the number of chromosomes in somatic cells

Study of genetic influences on the components of cause and effect in the somatic characteristics of populations

A type of bacteria

Organism with genes from another organism put into it genome.

A sugar splitting enzyme

Penicillin derivative with broad spectrum activity

is used to detect for the bacterium B-galactosidase

Bacterial plasmid containing genes for ampicillin resistance

Cells able to take up genetic material

Put in hot water

Luria-Bertani broth (cell agar)