FA Med Exam 2

• Protective barrier
• Regulates temp and BP
• Produces VitD
• Stores nutrients
• Innate and adaptive immunity

• Stratum corneum
• Stratum lucidum (most animals don't have)
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum basale

• attaches dermis to muscle or bone
• contains adipose tissue, collagen and elastic fibers

• hair follicles
• sweat glands
• sebaceous glands
• specialized structures like hooves

• anagen (active growth)
• catagen (transition)
• telogen (resting)

• photoperiod
• thyroid hormone
• growth hormone

• estrogen
• glucocorticoids

• low protein diet
• protein-losing diseases

one large follicle (simple)

simple follicle grouped in clusters

compound follicles or primary and secondary follicles

• simple follicles = hair
• compound follicles = wool

immediate dermatophyte dx

microscopic ectoparasites

Chorioptes dx

• saline + crusts powdered and stained
• look for g+ railroads tracks

• Punch biopsy of tissue
• Minced and incubated for 15 min
• Check for characteristic whiplash movement

• substance P
• histamine
• PGs

• flying insects
• lice
• Sarcoptes scabiei
• Psoroptes
• Chorioptes

• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
• Hypoderma spp (warbles)
• Sporotrichosis
• Actinobacillosis
• Actinomycosis

• Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
• Fibroma or fibrosarcoma
• Epidermal inclusion cyst

Erosion heals without a scar

• Adverse drug reaction
• Contact irritant
• Contact hypersensitivity
• Photosensitivity
• Vasculitis

• Dermatophilus congloensis
• Viral (IBR, Vesicular Stomatitis, Herpes Virus, FMD)

SCC

• Hypersensitivity (parasitic most common, drugs, food is rare)
• Parasites (horn flies)
• Infectious diseases
• Neoplasm
• Immune-mediated (rare e.g. pemphigus foliaceus)

• burn
• viral infections
• immune mediated diseases (bullous pemphigoid)

• Ectoparasites (papules)
• -Sarcoptes scabiei
• -Psoroptes cuniculi (goats)
• -Lice
• Infectious
• -viral (Vesicular stomatitis, FMD)
• -bacterial (Staphyloccocal pyoderma in goats)

Cornification with nuclear retention

Cornification without nuclear retention

• Infectious disease (Dermatophilosis, Dermatophytosis, viral)
• Nutritional
• Toxic
• Immune-mediated (Pemphigus foliaceus, cutanenous filariasis)
• Photosensitization
• Irritant contact reactions
• Burns

• Ectoparasites (Sarcoptes scabiei in ruminants, Psoroptes cuniculi in goats, Psoroptes ovis in sheep, lice, Chorioptes spp in cattle)
• Infectious (Dermatophilus congolensis, Staphylococcal pyoderma, Dermatophytosis)
• Immune-mediated (Pemphigus foliaceus in goats)
• Nutritional (Zinc deficiency in ruminants)

• Dermatophytosis
• Alopecia areata (cattle)
• Drug reaction
• Congenital hypotrichosis

Congenital hypertrichosis

• decreased melanin production
• decreased dispersion of melanin granules
• increased loss of melanin

acquired loss of melanin from the hair shaft, actual factors are unknown

Recessive genetic defect in which a normal complement of melanocytes is present but a biochemical defect results in lack of ability to synthesize tyrosinase, so that melantoin is not produced. In true albinos there is a lack of pigment in all tissues

• Burns & other traumas
• *Copper deficiency*

• Pruritus
• Melanoma

• Sheep & goats: caseous lymphadenitis (CLA)
• Cattle: cutaneous granuloma
• Horses: ulcerative lymphangitis

• Condemnation of carcass (3-5% of mutton, 0.02-0.03% of lambs)
• Downgrading of carcasses
• Decreased wool production in Merino sheep
• Decreased growth rates

• Facultative intracellular gram+ coccobacillus
• Infects macrophages & monocytes
• Soil borne, survives for months-years; even in sunlight

• Phospholipase D is a potent exotoxin & key virulence factor
• -hydrolyzes sphingomyelin
• -impairs chemotaxis of neutrophils
• Increased vascular permeability
• Leakage of plasma from vessels into tissue & lymphatics
• Spread of organism regionally & systemically
• Mycolic acid has local cytotoxic properties
• -degenerative changes & death in phagocytozing leukocytes
• -protection from hydrolytic enzymes within lysosomes→ survives phagocytosis → exists facultative intracellular → transport to local LN
• -helps survival in the environment

• Hematogenous or lymphogenous spread
• In sheep visceral lesions esp. lung
• Lung parenchyma, mediastinal & bronchial LN Can lead to bronchopneumonia & pleuritis
• Chronic ill thrift

• Superficial LN involvement
• Submandibular, prescapular, prefemoral, supramammary LN
• Goats: Head & neck LN more often involved
• Sheep: torso
• Cattle: Cutaneous excoriated granuloma (looks like the cow has been shot)

• PE: Abscessed external lymph nodes, often several animals in a flock affected
• U/S: Internal abscesses
• TTW
• Radiographs
• Serology
• Culture (but few viable bacteria in chronic abscesses, synergistic lysis with R. equi)

• Serological test for CLA
• Synergistic hemolysis inhibition test
• Dilute patient serum & incubate with CLA sphingomyelinase & R. equi exotoxin
• Look for resumption of hemolysis when antibodies are diluted out

• Titer interpretation
• <1:8 not significant
• >1:256 likely internal abscess formation

• titer could be rising
• acute onset
• thick capsule around abscess
• consumption of antibody during acute infection

• Lance & flush: avoid contamination of the environment, isolate from herd
• Surgical removal: remove with capsule, likely recurrence, expensive
• Antibiotics: long term treatment, difficult to treat internal abscesses, may reduce size
• Cull: not always economical or desirable

• Investigate facilities if an outbreak occurs in similar location in different animals
• Clean & debride
• Antibiotics don't help
• 2-4 weeks spontaneous recovery
• Usually no vaccination

• Commercial & autogenous types
• Goats: pre-breeding
• Kids: before exposure to potentially infected adults or at 10 weeks of age

• irritant
• allergic

• Cutaneous reaction in a sensitized animal to a non-irritating concentration of the offending agent
• Delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV) reaction
• Prior exposure to allergen is necessary

• Cutaneous reaction to an irritating concentration of an offending agent
• Predisposing factor is moisture e.g. urine, feces, wounds, acids, alkaline substances, crude oil, fuel, sprays, wood preservatives, bedding, filth

Erythema, edema, vesicles, erosions, ulcerations, crusting, skin thickening, hyperpigmentation

• Muzzle and distal legs: Plants, environmental substances
• Face and dorsum: sprays, pour-ons, wipes
• Ventrum: bedding, filth
• Perineum and rear legs: feces, urine
• Muzzle and lips: calves fed milk replacer from pans or buckets

• btw lateral aspect of udder and medial thigh
• btw udder halves
• on ventral midline (cranial to udder)

• foul odor
• skin necrosis

• older cow
• concurrent udder edema
• weak fore udder attachment
• small angle between udder and abdominal wall

• Clean with mild soap & water;use drying agent afterwards (betadine, chlorhexidine)
• Systemic antibiotics if deep infection, maggots present or febrile

• UV light (320-400 nm) absorbed by photodynamic agent in skin
• -> release of energy
• -> reactive oxygen free radicals
• -> mast cell degeneration & production of inflammatory mediators
• -> damaged cell membranes, nuclei acid, proteins

• Type 1: plant contains a photodynamic agent or metabolite
• Type 2: abnormal porphyrin metabolism
• Type 3: liver disease caused by a plant or toxin leads to accumulation of phylloerythrin in skin

• Helianthrone pigments: red fluorescent pigments such as hypericin (eg. St. John's wort) & fagopyrin (eg. Buckwheat)
• Furocoumarin pigments: psoralens (eg. Spring parsley, Bishop's weed), phytoalexins

Phenothiazines, thiazides, methylene blue, tetracyclines, sulfonamides

uroporphyrin & coproporphyrin

• Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (bred out now)
• Bovine protoporphyria
• *both have an inherited enzyme deficiency*

• Inheritance: autosomal recessive
• Breeds: Holsteins, Shorthorns, Jamaican
• CS: pink tooth, slow growth, photosensitization & exfoliation of non-pigmented skin, ANEMIA
• Pathophysiology: deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase → accumulation of uroporphyrin & coproporphyrin

• Inheritance: autosomal recessive
• Breeds: Limousin, Blond d’Aquitaine
• CS: NO anemia, NO discoloration of teeth
• Pathophysiology: defect in ferrochelatase → decreased heme synthesis → accumulation of protoporphyrin in blood & tissues

type 3 - hepatogenous

• Chlorophyll -> phylloerythrin in the GI tract, impaired capacity of the liver to excrete. Phylloerythrin is a photodynamic agent
• OR
• Secondary to hepatocellular damage, inherited hepatic defects, bile duct obstruction

• Common Groundsel
• Ragwort
• Tarweed
• Rattleweed

sheep, goats, cattle

• Saphrophytic fungus Pithomyces chartarum
• Produces liver damaging toxin sporidesmin → phylloerythrin isn't properly metabolized → accumulation in peripheral blood → photosensitization

Grows commonly on perennial ryegrass in late summer & autumn

New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, & Oregon

• Restless & photophobia
• Decreased growth & milk production
• Head edema & erythema → blisters, exudation, necrosis → sloughing of skin
• Droopy & swollen ears, swollen lips & eyelids

Newly-shorn sheep

• Remove animals from contaminated pasture
• Provide shade
• Reduce toxin consumption by feeding hay or grain
• Antibiotics for secondary bacterial skin infection

• High levels of zinc
• Better pasture management

• Puncture Vine
• Agave
• Signalgrass
• Sacauiste / bunch Grass
• Narthecium

• Contain toxic levels of steroidal sapogenins which are metabolized to glucuronide conjugates of epismilagenin -> crystallize in bile -> biliary blockage, cholangitis, secondary photosensitization
• [Sapogenin] highest in early, rapid growth

Anorexia, weight loss, icterus, hepatoencephalopathy

• Remove from sunlight exposure (provide shade)
• Remove exposure to photodynamic agent or liver toxin (move to different pasture, feed hay or grain)
• Laxatives to remove material already ingested
• Supportive liver disease tx (keep animals eating)
• Antibiotics
• Cull animals with genetic defect

Young (< 2 years old)

• dsDNA
• 11 bovine strains

able to transform into SCC; frequently on udder & teat

• none - self cure
• Can pinch, crush, sx remove or freeze with liquid N2 to help stimulate immune response

On the teats (and predispose to environmental mastitis), penis, interdigital skin, GI tract

• Disinfect equipment between animals!
• -ear tag applicators, tattooers, dehorning instruments
• Isolation (impractical)
• Commercial vx (won't tx current outbreak)

• Remove warts & grind
• Freeze-thaw 2x
• Filter
• Add 0.5% formalin for repeated SC injection

• Zoonotic
• Parapoxvirus (DNA poxvirus)
• Epitheliotropic virus

• Proliferative lesions on lips, nostrils, oral mucosa, teats (reluctance to nurse, mastitis), vulva
• Early: papules, vesicles, and pustules
• Later: proliferative, coalescing, scabbed lesions

Usually young animals

scabs from infected animals are contagious

• PE
• Histopathology (eosinophilic intracytoplasmatic inclusion bodies in epithelial keratinocytes)
• Electron-microscopy
• PCR
• Immunochemistry

• Isolate
• Monitor trace minerals
• Vaccinate area of scarified skin (except lactating ewes!)
• Vaccinate lambs, kids at 2-3 days of age
• Only use vaccine if you have a problem at the farm (the commercial vaccine is live, will form scabs with are contagious, so everyone on the farm gets exposed ~3weeks)

Persistent ORF

• Proliferative lesions esp. on distal legs & feet
• Lesions do not regres (unlike ORF)
• Not infectious (unlike ORF)

• Lesions on lip, nares, feet
• Vulvitis / balanoposthitis
• No oral mucosa involvement (...FMDV)
• Not proliferative (unlike ORF)
• Scabs bleed

Self limiting

during breeding season

• Vesicular & erosive lesions on udder & teat
• Mastitis
• Chronic: hard milkers

• in heifers 2 weeks after calving
• Nov-April

• milking machine
• hands
• clothes

self-limiting

• mild lesions self heal in ~10 days
• severe lesions heal in 2-3 months
• cull

serology for 1:16 titer = exposure

• isolate infected cows
• good milking hygiene: wash hands between milking, milk last
• use iodophor disinfectant

• pseudocowpox
• bovine papular stomatitis virus
• vesicular stomatitis virus
• sarcoptes scabiei
• dermatophytosis

parapoxvirus

• ulcers on teats, medial thigh, udder
• erythema & edema -> vesicles, small orange papules -> rupture -> crusting, falls off -> classical horseshoe lesion

• parapoxvirus
• see in young cattle
• CS: usually asymptomatic but can have raised papules on nose, muzzle, nose, oral mucosa (esp. hard palate) or esophagus. Won't see lesions on feet. Rat tail syndrome in feeder cattle
• Severe CS: mortality, weight loss, D

• BVDV (bovine viral diarrhea)
• FMD (foot and mouth disease)
• BPSV (bovine papular stomatitis)
• VSV (vesicular stomatitis)

• Two types: New Jersey (most virulent, most common) and Indiana
• Cattle, horse & donkeys most susceptible
• Calves more resistant
• Incubates in 24 hours
• CS: oral vesicles -> ulceration -> large eroded areas -> tongue, gums, teat, coronary band -> salivation, off feed, fever
• Transmission: cow to cow, milking machine, hands, insects

• Diagnosis: CF test, fluorescent antibody test, EM for bullet shaped virus
• Treatment: supportive care (soft feed, abx)

• <2% of bovine tumors
• Young Angus (pigmented), Duroc pigs
• Are benign

• Linognathus vituli
• Solenoptes capillatus
• Haematopinus eurysternus

• Linognathus ovillus
• L. stenopsis
• L. pedalis

• Linognathus stenopsis
• L. africanus

Haematopinus suis

• Large mouthparts, broad head
• Feeds on dead skin cells, hair & oil secretions
• Survival off host up to 2 wks
• Mainly females, lay <1 egg/day
• 7-10 days until hatching
• Temperature sensitive, so see in winter more

• Narrow head, pointy mouth
• Obligate blood feeders
• Survival off host limited
• Females lay 2-6 eggs/day
• 8-11 days until hatching
• Feeds on dead skin cells, hair & oil secretions
• Survival off host up to 2 wks
• Mainly females, lay <1 egg/day
• Temperature sensitive, so see in winter more

• Wintertime pruritus -> alopecia esp. neck & tail (sucking) or dorsal surface & flank (biting)
• Stamping & biting = sheep with foot lice
• Hairballs from excessive licking
• Anemia (sucking lice)

• Hx, PE
• Microscopy: sucking lice are blue-gray, biting lice are pale to brownish

• Topical insecticide: kills hatching eggs (e.g. Ivermectin injection or pour on kills sucking lice)
• Environmental clean up: blankets, brushes

• Stephanofilaria stilesi ingested by horn flies (Haematobia irritans)
• Larva develop in fly, get deposited in skin wounds
• Microfilaria in surrounding dermis/lymphatics
• Adults live around hair shafts of ventral abdomen

• Alopecia & hyperkeratosis of ventral abdomen
• Crusting, small ulcers & color changes in the skin leads to ventral midline dermatitis
• Lesion is of little economic significance, so optional txt is ivermectin or topical OPs

• Sarcoptic mange (aka barn itch), reportable
• Psoroptic mange (eradicated from US), reportable
• Chorioptic mange, reportable
• Demodectic mange
• Follicular mange
• Hallmark of disease is pruritus

Skin scrapings from periphery of lesions in multiple locations (deep and superficial)

• Ivermectin (Psoroptes, Chorioptes, Sarcoptes), doramectin (P, C, S), moxidectin (P, C), eprinomectin (C, S)
• Treat all in contact animals
• Treat the environment

• Pruritus around head, ears initially, later generalized
• Entire body can be affected within 6 weeks
• Loss of hair, scabs
• Only mange which occurs in pigs

• Sarcoptes: burrows
• Psoroptes: on surface of epidermis
• Chorioptes: on surface of epidermis

• Pruritus first on withers, later generalized
• Weight loss, otitis externa, Staph. aureus secondary infx (goats)

• Relatively host specific
• Less severe / variable pruritus
• Cattle: perineum, back of udder, severe cases are legs & rump
• Sheep: wool-less area, hind legs, scrotum causes infertility

• Small nodules & pustules -> larger abscesses on face, neck, shoulder
• No pruritus or hair loss
• Can be very severe in goats -> death

scrapie

• Nervous, restless
• PRURITUS of increasing intensity
• Rubbing & scratching with horn & hooves
• Bite & lick excessively
• Head, withers, flank, back, rump
• Secondary wool loss, dermatitis, excoriations
• Scratch or nibble reflex
• Bruxism, ptyalism
• Tremors, ataxia

• Stable flies: Stomoxys calcitrans
• Horn flies: Haematobia irritans
• Horse flies: Tabanus spp.

Face flies: Musca autumnalis

• Head upwards position
• Intermittent blood feeders - painful bites
• Feed esp. on horses, cattle
• Complete life cycle: 3-4 wks
• Eggs laid in high moisture area
• Mechanical vector for anthrax

• Most serious pests of cattle
• Up to 20 - 40 meals/day -> loss of 0.3- 0.5 lbs/day BW, ↓milk production
• Stay mostly on host, 100 flies/half beef = economic threshold
• Eggs in fresh cattle manure
• Vector for Stephanofilaria spp.

• Only female sucks, legs & ventral abdomen
• Eggs on leaves on plants close to standing water
• Life cycle 4-5 months
• Vector for bovine leukosis, vesicular stomatitis, anthrax

• Face of cattle, feeding on nasal & lacrimal secretions & saliva
• Eggs in fresh manure
• Vector for pink eye (Moraxella bovis)

• Face & horn flies can develop resistance
• Insecticide impregnated ear-tags, bt offer little protection against horse flies
• Three main types: OPs (diazinon, fenthion), pyrethroids (fenvalerate, permethrin), combined OP & SP (lambda-cyalothrin, pirimofos methyl)

• T. mentagrophytes: cattle and goats
• T. verrucosum: cattle and goats “club lamb fungus"
• M. nanum: pigs and llamas

• Alopecia in centrifugal pattern "ring" esp around eyes
• Crusts, erythema, papules +/- pruritus
• Claws and hooves weaken and split

• Wood’s lamp (rare in food animals)
• Microscopic examination of hairs is difficult and takes practice
• Biopsy is quick, use special stains (dx 70% of the time)
• Fungal culture dx 90% of the time, Trichophyton harder to culture

• white / buff colony, cotton-like growth
• within 24-48 hours of growth media turns red
• color change + media change in first 3 weeks
• if contaminated likely to be saprophyte

• Lime sulfur 5%
• Bleach 1:10 solution (not in black show animals!).
• Chlorhexidine 2.5%
• Shampoo 1% miconazole or ketaconazole if small area affected
• Systemic e.g. griseofulvin (teratogen) or NaI (abortion)

• Consider vaccination
• Better hygiene

• Dermatophilus congolensis
• Gram+ actinomycete
• Most economically important bacterial skin disease of food animals due to hide damage
• More prevalent in humid climates, and cattle and sheep

• Source of infection (carrier animal crusts are infectious)
• Moisture to release zoospores
• Damage to the skin e.g. trauma, insect bites

• aka rain scald
• Painful purulent crusts or ulcers on dorsum, distal legs, muzzle, claws
• Not pruritic

• Limit moisture
• Topical treatments like iodines, chlorhexidine
• Antibiotics like tetracyclines, TMS, penicillin

• CS + Hx of painful purulent scabs after rain
• Microscopic exam of stained crusts w/ sterile water on a slide
• Thick bundles of coccoid forms aka "railroad tracks"
• Occasionally use culture or biopsy

Circular alopecia, crusts, edema, pustules on ventrum, udder, lumbar region, eyes, orally

• TMS for 2-6 weeks
• Topicals include localized (mupirocin 2% or silver sulfadiazine) or shampoos (chlorhexidine or ethyl lactate)
• Betadine is a good abx but delays re-epithelialization

• Staph aureus (30% on pig farms are MRSA)
• Staph pseudintermedius

• Agent: Staphylococcus hyicus releases exfoliative toxins Exh A-D which destroys desmoglein-1
• Suckling pigs (1-4 weeks): most common and severe
• Older pigs (6-10 weeks): get chronic form with thicker crusts, more morbidity

• Lethargy, anorexia, thirst then skin signs
• No fever, pain, or pruritus
• Scaling progresses to red-brown macules + pustules -> eventually greasy (sebum, sweat and serum)
• Coronary band erosions; conjunctivitis; constipation
• 3-5 days after first CS piglets begin to die

• CS
• Histology and culture to differentiate

dermatophytes, zinc deficiency and swine pox

• Isolate, better hygiene
• Systemic abs (early in outbreak) = dramatic affect reducing mortality
• Novobiocin (abx)
• Topical antibacterial washes

Hereditary autosomal recessive defect in GI Zn absorption, aka lethal trait 46

• Diarrhea, skin lesions, poliosis & decreased suckle reflex
• Inflammation & crusts around eyes, base of ears, coronary bands, and muzzle; may progress to become generalized

• Cattle: plasma [Zn] of calves are normal at birth; histology of skin lesions shows parakeratosis (need Zn metalloenzyme to remove nuclei)
• Sheep: Crusts, alopecia, abnormal hoof growth, slow wool growth, depression, wool eating, flexed knees, stiff gait; histology shows hyperkeratosis + parakeratosis
• Goats: Crusts, bilateral symmetrical alopecia, rough hair coat, abnormal hoof growth, weight loss, unthriftiness, stunted growth, kyphotic gait, anorexia; histology of skin shows parakeratosis + hyperkeratosis
• Llamas: "munge" crusty hyperkeratotic nose or periocular
• Swine: Poor growth, thickened -> encrusted -> fissured skin

Give elemental Zn supplement

• Fed diet with <4 mg Zn/kg BW, so see in young sheep and lambs
• Or fed high Ca diet (e.g. alfalfa)

• Fed high Ca diet (e.g. alfalfa)
• Over-liming & excessive application of superphosphate = soil Zn deficiency

• Affects 1-5month old piglets, common in white breeds (ie, Landrace)
• May rapidly spread through herd, esp with stress
• Circular, brown crusts w/ erythema, initially ventral abdomen & medial thighs
• Systemic signs uncommon, precede skin lesions, are appetite loss, V, D

self-limiting in 3-10 weeks

• Adult cattle: 60 – 80
• Adult sheep, goat: 70 – 90
• Adult pig: 60 – 90
• <6 month old: 90 -120

• Triscupid: right side 3rd ICS (far forward between shoulder & elbow)
• Pulmonic: left side 3rd ICS at level between shoulder & elbow
• Aortic: left side 4th ICS at shoulder level
• Mitral: left side 5th ICS just above elbow

• S1: “lub” at closure of AV valves = onset of ventricular ejection, same time as QRS
• S2: “dup” at closure of semilunar valves = early diastolic sound after T wave
• S3: mid diastole, near end of rapid ventricular filling, after T wave
• S4: end diastole + atrial contraction, acceleration of blood into ventricles, heard after P wave

• split S1: mitral and tricuspid not closing at same time
• split S2: pulmonic and aortic not closing at same time

• Pulmonary hypertension
• Right sided heart failure
• Bundle branch block
• Endocarditis

• = gallop rhythm
• Proto-diastolic: (exaggerated S3) thickened ventricular walls bouncing & vibrating after systole
• Pre-systolic: (exaggerated S4) pushing blood into a stiff ventricle “LUB-DUB---BUP”
• Summated: (exaggerated S3 & S4, cannot differentiate between sounds) usually a sign of diffuse heart failure with high HR

• Obesity
• Long hair coat
• High muscle development
• Hydrothorax

• Excitement
• Exercise
• Anemia
• Heart insufficiency

• Alteration of morphology any of the heart valves (stenosis or insufficiency)
• Abnormal communication between the two sides of the heart or great vessels (ie.VSD, ASD)
• Increased blood flow velocity through normal or abnormal valves
• Decreased viscosity

• Mediastinal mass (leftward & caudal shift)
• Pleural fluid (sound over entire thorax
• Vagal indigestion (no heart anomaly, heart sounds in rumen)
• Apex not discernable and muffled heart sounds (cardiac tamponade usually from TRP)
• Ectopia cordis (abnormal location of heart usually neck)

• Between S1 and S2
• Mitral or tricuspid insufficiency
• Aortic or pulmonic stenosis
• Interventricular septal defect
• Interatrial septal defect
• Tetralogy of Fallot

• Between S2 and S1
• Classified as early, mid, late
• Aortic or pulmonic insufficiency
• Mitral or tricuspid stenosis

• S1 through S2 into part or all of diastole
• Patent ductus arteriosus

Patent ductus arteriosus

• I: barely audible
• II: audible after few seconds
• III: immediately audible
• IV: loud without thrill
• V: loud with thrill
• VI: very loud, thrill heard with stethoscope off chest

• Pericarditis if gas & fluid are in pericardial sac
• Almost always accompanied by muffled heart sounds & tachycardia

• Pericardial friction sounds
• Diagnostic for fibrinous pericardits

• Abnormality in impulse formation
• Abnormality in impulse propagation

• Increasing heart rate during inspiration
• Common in pigs

• Narrow: origin at or above AV node
• Wide: origin within ventricular walls

IV Ca - causes bradycardia

• Tx the underlying disease and arrhythmia will correct itself
• Except in atrial fib or plant toxicity

• True jugular pulse
• Pulsing, distended mammary veins
• Abnormal heart sounds
• Gallop rhythm
• Split heart sounds
• Murmur
• Splashing
• Brisket edema
• Bottle jaw
• Hepatomegaly
• Tachycardia

• Coughing
• Tachypnea
• Frothy nasal or oral exudates
• Tracheal rales
• Pulmonary wheezes & crackles
• Tachycardia
• Arrhythmia
• Heartblocks

• Right shoulder (white), left heart (black), neck over right jugular (red)
• OR
• Right jugular (white), left jugular (black), heart (red)

atrial fib

cTnI in myocardium sarcomere

• Cattle: M. hemolytica, blackleg (if survives 24hrs), H. somni, sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis (Chlamidophila pecorum)
• Sheep & goats: Pasteurellosis, Staph aureus, Mycoplasma spp
• Pigs: Glasser's disease (Haemophilus spp), Strep, Salmonellosis, Mycoplasma spp

• Abducted elbows, neck & head stretched out
• +/- positive scootch test
• Signs of right heart failure
• Sudden death!
• Reluctance to move, arched back, stiff
• Shallow, abdominal respiration, grunting
• Pericardial friction rub; elevation of percussable cranioventral lung border
• Absent lung sounds cranioventrally
• Increased body temperature (103- 106F)
• Muffling of heart sounds (effusion),
• Decreased peripheral pulse
• Splashing sound if gas is present
• Tachycardia, fever & toxemia
• Diarrhea

• Wither’s pinch response test -> grunt and failure to go down if painful = positive
• Bar test

• Often late pregnancy or couple weeks after calving
• Acute anorexia & drop in milk production
• +/- Fever
• Abducted elbows, arched back
• If penetration of L ventricle: Embolization of pus, dissemination of infection to joints, meninges, spleen, eyes -> sudden death

• L 5th ICS, 2.5- 10 cm dorsal to olecranon, above lateral thoracic vein
• +/- ultrasound guided
• Cytology & culture
• See increased protein (>3.5 g/dl), elevated WBC (>2500/ul), slightly blood tinged, foul odor

Poor prognosis

• Give magnet at ~500lbs = ~ 1 year old
• Use magnets on feed trucks
• Laparotomy & rumenotomy to remove hardware

• Usually hemorrhagic pericardial effusion
• No abd pain or cardiac murmurs
• No signs of infection (in CBC, pericardial fluid)
• Good prognosis

• Tricuspid (right AV valve)
• T. pyogenes (cattle); Ersipelo. insidiosa, Strep. suis, Stephanurus edentatus (swine)
• Long-standing Tetralogy of Fallot (jet lesion), VSD, or ASD
• Common history of chronic infections

• +/- Fever, anorexia, depression, exercise intolerance, weight loss
• R sided holosystolic heart murmur with gallop rhythm
• Tachycardia
• R-CHF
• Jugular distension & pulse
• Diarrhea
• Hepatomegaly
• (Shifting) lameness
• Water-hammer pulse (abnormal tricuspid valve)
• Panopthalmitis, hypema, photophobia
• Meningits
• Reddened skin (swine)

• Cull
• Long term abx (up to 3 months) with penicillin, florfenicol
• Aspirin & low dose heparin
• Treat CHF with furosemide and digoxin (improves contractility)

• Right sided heart failure from pulmonary hypertension (cor pulmonale)
• Mainly calves

Alveolar hypoxia -> pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction -> increased resistance in the pulmonary alveoli -> pulmonary remodeling -> pulmonary hypertension -> right ventricle hypertrophy -> right ventricle dilation -> right sided congestive heart failure

• Primary: high altitude, resp disease (viral, bacterial, non-fatal cases of atypical pneumonia, lung worms)
• Predisposing: Genetics (exaggerated pulmonary vasoconstrictor response), or ingestion of Locoweed (Oxytropis or Astragalus spp) -> periarterial fibrosis -> reduce compliance of pulmonary arterioles

• Bulging eyes
• Brisket edema
• Ventral thorax edema
• Jugular distension/ pulsation
• +/- split S2 during inspiration
• No pleural or pericardial effusion
• Dyspnea & tachypnea
• +/- gallop rhythm
• +/- Murmur
• Tachycardia
• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Collapse
• Diarrhea
• Death

• hardware disease
• endocarditis
• lymphoma
• emoblic pneumonia
• viral / bacterial

• Hx: Recent change in location or elevation, lineage, plant exposure (locoweed)
• Rads: pulmonary disease, bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, chronic bronchitis
• Fecal sedimentation: lungworm infection
• Blood work: increased AST & SDH, +/- azotemia, CBC normal
• ECG: Right ventricular hypertrophy & dilation, increased septal thickness, abnormal septal motion, dilation of the pulmonary artery
• Necropsy: edema, enlarged liver (nutmeg appearance), excessive pleural, pericardial & peritoneal fluid; heart enlarged

PAP testing - must be performed at high altitudes

• 30-35mmHg: excellent, highly reliable
• 36-39mmHg: excellent if >12 months old
• 39-41mmHg: good if yearling
• 41-45mmHg: acceptable if >16 months old
• 45-48mmHg: acceptable if >16 months old and acclimated to higher elevations
• >49mmHg: high risk for them and their offspring to develop brisket disease
• Testing should be done in cattle >12 months old and elevation >6500ft

• <5000 feet is for screening only or Sitz Angus
• There is a 1–1.5 mmHg increase per 1000 feet elevation rise

• Remove from high altitude (potentially reversible)
• Antibiotics
• Oxygen (not practical or available)
• Furosemide, digoxin, cull (pedigree)
• Control measures for CAE or OPP

• Primary: hypertrophic (pigs), congestive, restrictive
• Secondary: heritable, nutritional, toxic, infection, neoplastic

• Tachy- or bradyarrhythmia
• Pulmonary edema
• R-CHF
• Dead/down
• Myoglobinuria (esp from what?)
• Cold extremities
• Pallor, cyanosis
• Weak pulses
• Hyper- or hypothermia

• feeder steers
• pneumonia can be a pre-disposing factor like brisket disease

• Severe muscle degeneration
• Coffee brown urine (myoglobinuria) → kidney failure
• Chronic → cardiomyopathy

• Direct toxic effect on myocardium → heart failure
• Brisket & neck edema, pulmonary edema
• Acute death can occur
• Cattle, goats have died from avocado poisoning

• Tryptamine alkaloid toxin has effect on cholinegic receptors
• 2 clinical forms
• Acute death: from cardiovascular collapse is 12 -72 hrs after placement on toxic pasture. CS include acute dyspnea, cyanosis, pounding heart sounds, irregular heart rate with alternating periods of extreme tachycardia & then bradycardia
• Chronic: nervous form

• Autosomal recessive mutation in optic atrophy 3 gene
• Usually ~2–4 years old
• Systolic dysfunction → right sided heart failure
• Hallmark: cardiomegaly with ventricular and atrial dilatation & hypertrophy

• Monensin: horse > sheep > cattle
• Lasalocid: horse > cattle > sheep
• Salinomycin
• see decrease in ventricular contraction

• Primary: in milk fed animals or copper deficient pasture
• Secondary: mineral imbalances (dietary Mo excess), most prominent signs in young growing animals
• See fibrosis of the heart muscle

• 0.1–0.2% of total ration can be tolerated (cattle)
• No more than 0.01% of total gossypol (swine)
• If stressed lower tolerance, effects are cumulative
• Acute toxicosis: large amounts of proteinaceous fluids in all body cavities causes myocardial degeneration & necrosis, and liver necrosis

R atrium

• Viral: FMDV
• Bacterial: H. somni, Clostridium chauvoei (blackleg)
• Protozoan: Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis
• Parasitic: Cysticercus (T. solium pig), (T. saginata cattle), (T. ovis sheep)

• Picornavirus (Aphtovirus)
• Reportable!!!
• Morbidity high, mortality low
• Except: calves which have high mortality

• History: plant exposure, feed additives, toxins, infectious disease
• Clinical signs
• ECG: dilated ventricles, systolic dysfunction
• Clinical pathology: VitE / Se (blood/liver), high cTnI, BLV test (interpret with caution), toxin analysis
• Necropsy

• Supportive care: abx e.g. H. somni
• Remove toxic agents: remove plants, AC, rumenotomy (cattle) / flush stomach (pig)
• VitE/Se: ALL affected young animals
• Diuretic: furosemide (for CHF)
• Digoxin:
• Oxygen:

• Most common congenital defect, usually in membranous septum
• Subpulmonic location common in calves
• Heritable in Limousine & possibly in Herford cattle
• Loud, harsh pansystolic murmur
• PMI in the tricuspid valve area (right side)
• Softer murmur on the left (loudest on pulmonic valve area)
• Small defect: only murmur
• Large defect: poor growth, lethargy, dyspnea, signs of CHF
• Blood shunts from left to right
• Can increase in pulmonary resistance because of concurrent pulmonary dz or left-sided heart failure from chronic volume overload
• Right ventricle gets chronic pressure overload, which may be sufficient to reverse the direction of the shunt→ Eisenmenger’s complex

• Hereditary (pigs), possibly in Jersey
• Tobacco ingestion by dam
• Hypovitaminosis A in dam
• Often asymptomatic
• Up to 2-4 month of age
• CS: Stunting, exercise intolerance, weakness, cold extremities when heart fails, other signs of right sided heart failure
• Holosystolic, cresendo-decresendo murmur at the left heart base
• Shunts from left to right
• Both atria & right ventricle enlarged

• Persistent patency of pulmonary artery to aorta
• Rare (usually seen as part of complex defect)
• Ruminants close ductus at birth
• Piglets may be patent up to 24hrs (some up to 7 days)
• Continuous, high pitched murmur aka “machinery murmur”
• Loudest on the left
• Large PDA has no murmur

• Overriding aorta
• VSD
• Right ventricular hypertrophy
• Pulmonary stenosis
• ...with ASD = Pentalogy of Fallot

• Cyanosis
• Exercise intolerance
• Pansystolic murmur: (loudest left) with palpable thrill, either cresendo-decrescendo murmur of a pulmonic stenosis
• Or a harsh, plateau-shaped murmur of a VSD
• Shunting form right to left!!!
• ClinPath shows increased PCV, increased RBC, increased hemoglobin concentration, POLYCYTHEMIA
• Secondary bacterial endocarditis -> septic embolization into aorta, septic arthritis, meningitis, nephritis, panophthalmitis, petechial hemorrhages, fever, anorexia, depression -> death!