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Dr. Sue Haig
- USGS biologist
- president of American Ornithologists' Union
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Ernst Meyer
- Neo-Darwinian
- Biological species concept
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What is the taxonomic information for birds (Domain-Class)
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
*subphylum*: Vertebrata
Class: Aves
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How many bird families are there?
142
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How many bird genera are there?
roughly 2,000
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How many species of birds are there (approx)?
Approx 10,000
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Lumpers/Splitters
- Lumpers group species together despite variation
- Splitters separate by variation (esp. DNA)
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Birds in Art
40,000 year old paintins in Australia, Apache rock paintings, CP, "The Birds", etc
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Mark Catesby
- Englishman who lived in VA
- Published Natural History of Caroline, Florida and the Bahama Islands in mid 1700s.
- First published work on the flora and fauna of NA
- Still pictures
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First published work on the flora and fauna of NA
Natural History of Caroline, Florida and Bahama Islands
by Mark Catesby
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Alexander Wilson
- Wrote American Onithology (early 1800s)
- "The Father of American Ornithology)
- Son of a Scottish smuggler
- more life in illustrations than Catesby
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John James Audobon
- Wrote Birds of America
- life-sized prints (elephant-folio)
- more artistic, brought birds to life
- Showed birds in action and detailed life history
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Charles Darwin
- 1859: Origin of Species
- based his theory on morphological characteristics of Galapagos finches
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Margaret Morse Nice
- Wrote The Birds of Oklahoma in 1931; it was the first written organized record of species in OK
- Pioneered the techniques for observing animals in the wild
- Lived in Norman, where her husband was on the OU faculty.
- First female president of the Wilson Ornithological Society
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George Miksch "Doc" Sutton
- great illustrator and writer
- Important in OK ornithology
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US State Societies
- Ex. Oklahoma Ornithological Societypublishes the Bulletin of the Oklahoma Ornithological Society (BOOS)
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Arthur A. "Doc" Allen
- Founder of Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology
- only systematic study of ivory billed woodpeckers (produced only recordings and videos)
- started citizen scientist mvt
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Jim Tanner
1936 study of ivory billed woodpeckers in a Louisianna swap
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Passenger Pigeon
- extinct in the wild in 1885
- large colonies were easily targeted
- development of railways allowed quick transportation.
- Habitat loss
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Millinery Trade
sold bird feathers for use in hats
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Frank Chapman
- ornithologist who found 40 different species on 700 ladies' hats in N
- started Christmas bird count
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George Grinnell
published first "Audubon" magazine dedicated to raising awareness of the conservation of native birds.
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Massachusetts Audubon
- first 1,000 ladies who came together to protest the use of wild bird feathers.
- got state to pass a law banning sale of wild bird feathers
- late 1800s
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Aigrettes
- the long feathers taken from breeding herons/egrets
- prized for hats
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1903, Teddy Roosevelt established
- first National Wildlife Refuge at Pelican Island, FL
- set up to protect birds from plume hunters
- American Ornithologists' Union paid to hire a warden
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Guy Bradley Award
National Wildlife Federation's highest honor
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Migratory Bird Treaty Act
- 1918
- outlaws the hunt, pursuit, capture, annoyance, trade, etc of migratory birds
- requires permit to hunt, band birds, or pick up feathers.
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Eskimo Curlew
- fattened up before migration (from Alaska, to New England, to South America)
- "doe birds"
- hunted for food.
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Campephilus principalis
- "lover of grubs, principally"
- Ivory Billed Woodpecker
- white spots visible when perched
- flew above forest canopy
- 3rd largest woodpecker in the world
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Last place in OK with Ivory Billed Woodpecker
- Broken Bow Lake
- was later flooded
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History of the Ivory Billed Woodpecker
- observed by Mark Catesby
- specimen caught by Wilson
- Audubon expressed concern for the species in the 1820s
- targeted by collectors and for their feathers
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Camp Ephilus
- 1935
- Cornell expedition
- estimated 22 individuals left
- Doc Allen, Doc Sutton, Lekkogg, Tanner, and Kuhn.
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1844
Year the Ivory Billed Woodpecker went extinct
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Singer Tract
- area of study for Camp Ephilus
- sold by Singer to Chicago Mill
- Conservation groups gathered enough money to buy it, but the Chicago Mill refused to sell.
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Territory required for 1 Ivory-billed territory
- territory required for 36 Pileated Woodpeckers
- and 126 Red-headed Woodpeckers
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Pearl River
- a sighting occurred at Pearl River with 2 Ivory Billed Woodpeckers
- lead to Zeiss Expedition
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Common Birds in OK in freefall
- Northern Bobwhite
- Eastern Meadowlark
- Loggerhead Shrike
- Field Sparrow
- Grasshopper Sparrow
- ALL OF THEM ARE GRASSLAND BIRDS
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How do humans contribute to bird deaths?
- hunting
- landscape conversion
- invasive species
- pollution
- building collisions
- bycatch
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Window Collision Mortality Estimate
- 1-10 individuals per building per year
- schools, Pentagon, all count as 1 building making for a conservative study.
- 100 million- 1 billion bird deaths
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Noble Research Center study by Tim O'Connell
- 4 year study
- more deaths during fall migration
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What statistical test did Millican et all use?
x2
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Millican et all conclusion
social interactions can strongly influence foraging behavior
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Median estimation of bird mortality due to cat predation
2.4 billion
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Scott Loss
- conducted cat predation study
- incoming faculty member
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Rare birds in Oklahoma
5 species
- Whooping Crane (E)
- Interior Least Tern (E)
- Red-cockaded Woodpecker (E)
- Black-capped Vireo (E)
- Piping Plover (T)
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ODWC
Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation
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Joint Ventures
USFWS-lef initiatives to build cooperative endeavors among federal agencies, state agencies, NGOs, etc
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Anthropocene
- proposed new geologic era we are currently in
- characterested by human cultural dominance
- debated start date; unsure if it starts with agriculture or industrialization.
- primarily proposed by Paul Crutzen
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Number of described species on Earth
1.7 million
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Natural Selection
- Primary mechanism for evolutionary chage
- Depends on inherited variability of traits which may be more advantageous and allow individuals to produce more offspring.
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Selection
acts upon individuals
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Evolution
acts on populations
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Gene flow
exchange of genetic material within a population
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Phylogeny
evolutionary history of an organism
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systematics
field of study that seeks to reconstruct phylogenies
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Phyletic Evolution
change over time within a single lingeage (from one ancestor)
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Types of reproductive isolating mechanisms
- Pre-mating: mating not even attempted
- Post-mating: individuals capable of mating, but either have offspring that are sterile or not viable.
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Positive Assortative Mating
courtship behaviors directed toward phenotypically similar individuals
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Negative Assortative Mating
courtship behaviors directed toward phenotypically dissimilar individuals
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Carl Linnaeus
- Binomial nomenclature
- each species is given a name in Greek or Latin consisting of a capitalized name indicated the genus and a lower case name indicating the species
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Analogous structures
- structures that develop though convergent evolution
- often used in phenetics
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Homologous Structures
indicate a common evolutionary origin, regardless of how the structure appears
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Adaptive radiation
process through which one taxon gives rise to many others that exploit availableniches.
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Polymorphism
two or more discrete phenotypes in a sympatric population
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Microsatellites
repeated sequences of 1–6 base pairs of DNA. High mutation rates result in lots ofpolymorphisms – in other words, there are lots of different alleles to examine in a microsatellite. Thesecan indicate genetic diversity within populations of the same species.
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Zink et al. conclusion
dispersal is happening without human intervention.
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