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what is th influence of hereditarry and environment on behavior?
a specific gene plays a small part in creating a given behavior. Environmental events such as smoking during pregnancy, early child hood experience, stress or trauma and enriched environments all interact with genes to make specific behavior more or less likely
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what are the research results on gene-by-environment interaction?
How genetic differences interact with environment to produce certain behaviors in some people but not in others
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a larege molecule that contains genes
DNA (deoxy-ribonucleic acid)
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a coiled up thread of DNA
Chromosome
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Small segments of DNA than contain information for producing proteins
Genes
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all the genetic information in DNA
Genome
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genes that show their effects even if there is only one allele for that trait in that pair
Dominant Genes
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genes that show their effects only when both alleles are the same
Recessive Genes
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differences in the length of DNA sequences
Genetic Marker
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the extent to which a characteristic is influenced by genetics
Heritability
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the entire genetic makeup of an organism
Genotype
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the organisms observed characteristics
Phenotype
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study of changes in the new way genes are turned o or off without a change in the sequence of DNA
Epigenetics
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what does the concept of behavioral genetics refer to and what are the basis principes?
- The scientific role of hereditary in behavior
1. The relationship between specific genes and behavior is complex
2. Most specific behaviors derive from dozens or hundreds of genes not one or two
3. By studying twins behavioral geneticists may destagle the contribution of hereditary and environment to behavior
The environment influences how and when genes affects behavior
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What is the difference between monogenic transmission and polygenic transmission?
- Monogenic- the hereditary passing traits determined by single gene
- polygenic
is the process by which many genes interacts to create a single gene
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What is the epigenesis process?
The way genes are turned on or off without a change in the sequences of DNA
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What are neurons?
Cells that process and transmit information in the nervous system
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What is the difference between neurons and glial cells?
Glial cells provide structural support, and promote efficient communication between neurons annd serve as scavengers removing cellular debris
Neurons just transmit info to the nervous system
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What is the difference between sensory neurins, motor neurons, and interneurons?
Sensory Neurons receive incoming sensiry information form the sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, tounge, and nose)
Motor Neurons carry commands to movement form the brain to the muscles to the body
Inter Neurons communicate only with other neurons
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the cell body and contains a nucleas and other components needed for cell maintenance and function
Soma
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Fingerlike projections form a neuron's soma that receives incoming message from other neurons
Dendrites
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Long projections that extends from the soma it transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neurons and stimulates the release of neurotransmitters
Axon
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At the end of the axon and contains tiny sacs of neurotransmitters
Terminal Buttons
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The junction between an axon and the adjacent neurons where information is transmitted from one neuron to another
Synapse
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The gap between neurons, the neurotransmitter carries the signal across the synaptic cleft
Synapse gap (cleft)
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Fatty substance wrapped around some axons, which more efficiently
Myelin Sheath
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Chemicals that transmit information between neurons
Neurotransmitters
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Where are the neurons parts located?
Soma- the cell
Dendrites- extends from neurons soma (fingerlike projections)
Axon- long projections that extend from the neurons soma
Terminal Buttons- little knobs at the end of the axon
Synapse- junctions between axon and the adjacent neurons
Synapse gap (cleft)- the gap between neurons
Myelin Sheath- fatty substance around axons
Neurotransmitter- in the neuron
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What is the electrical chemical process that occurs when neurons (nerve cell) transmits information and release neurotransmission?
Neurotransmission
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How does the information travel from the axon of one neuron to the dendrites of another?
- The neural impulse travels down the axon,
- in their terminal button, the impulse triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
- at the receptor site of the dendrite the neurotransmitter cause channels to open and changes the membrane potential, recepor will bind only with specific neurotransmitters.
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Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that tells post synaptic neurons not to five, it slow CNS activity, is necessary to regulate and control neural activity
GABA
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Controls muscle movement and plays a role in mental process such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping, and dreaming.
Acetycholine
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Released in a response to behaviors that feel good or are rewarding to the person or animal, also involved in voluntary motor control
Dopamine
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A neurotransmitter with wide ranging effects, involved in dreaming and in controlling emotional states, especially anger, anxiety, and depression
Serotonin
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The brain majors excitatory is important in learning, memory, neural processing, and brain development
Glutamate
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a nuerotransmitter that arouses body systems (such as increasing heart rate)
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
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Leads to physical aroused, activates the sympathetic response to stress, increasing heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure
Nonepinephrine
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what are the effects of having excessses or deficienceis of this nurotransmitter on our body, thoughts and/or behavior?
Gaba- the central nervous system would have no brakes and could run out od control
Acetylcholine- Muscle movement would not be controlled
Dopamine- Some drugs increase dopamine activity and we beome addicted to them
Serotin- Low levels of serotonin cause you to be anxious or have depression
Glutamate- Without it it will decrease the chances a post synaptic neuron will fire
Epinephrine- too much would increase the heart rate too much
Nonepinephrine- low levels can cause ADHD
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What are the main functions of the two main divisions of the nervous system and how they are organized?
Central- brain and spinal cord
Nervous process incoming information system an crafts a response if one is needed
Peripheral nervous system transmits information between the external environment and internal system of the body and the central nervous system
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What is the difference between grey and white brain matter?
Grey matter is the brain tissue composed of neuron cell bodies
White matter info communicated among different areas of the brain via long fibers of myelinated axons. because they are covered in myelin they are called white matter
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Brains ability to adopt new functions reorganize itself, or make new neural connections throught out life, as a function of experinece brain plasticity varies with age, beings stringest in infancy and early childhood gradually decreasing by age
Neuroplasticity
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Development of new neurons growth of dendrites in existing neurons, and the formation of new synapses
Neurogenesis
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Growth and formation of new dendrites
Aborization
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Formation of entirely new synapses or connections with other neurons
Synaptogenesis
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What are the main functions and locations of the three major regions of the brain and their corresponding structues?
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
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What are the main functions and locations of the three major regions of the brain and their corresponding structues? Hindbrain?
The hindbrain regulates breathing, heart rate, arousal, and other basic functions of the body.
- Medulla-regulates breathing,heart rate, and blood pressure
- Location: Extending directly from the spinal cord
- Pons- serves as a bridge between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activity
- Location:between the midbrain and medulla
- Cerebullum-involved in body movement, balance, coordination, fine-tuning motor skills, cognitive activities such as learning and language
- Location: behind the brain stem
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What are the main functions and locations of the three major regions of the brain and their corresponding structues?
Midbrain
Smallest of 3 parts, controls eye muscles, process auditory and visual information, intitiate vouluntary movement of body auditiry and visual information, initiate voluntary movement of body
Location: On top of pons
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What are the main functions and locations of the three major regions of the brain and their corresponding structues?
Forebrain
largest part of brain, control cognitive, sensory, and motor fuction and regulates temperatue, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping, display of emotions
Location: top of brain
Cerebrum- upper most portion of brain 2 large halves of brain that are covered with convolution , or folds
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holding thing in mind while we solve problems controls impulses, creativity, and social awareness
Frontal Lobe
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Make up top and rear sections of brain play important play important role in the sensation and perception to touch
Parietal Lobes
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Lies directly below the frontal and parietal lobes and right behind the ear for hearing
Temporal Lobes
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Rear of brain primary visual cortex vision, including shape, color shadow, light and orientation
Occipital Lobes
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from bottom up- forst forebrain structure receives inout form ears, eyes, skin, and taste buds relays sensory information to the part of cerebral cortex sensory relay station
Thalamus
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Middle of brain directly around the thalamus important in emotion and motivation
Limbic System
Includes: hypothalumus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus
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Directly below thalamus plays a vital role in learning and memory
Hypothalumus
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Small almond shape structure located directly in front of the hippocampus has connections with many important brain regions and important for processing information especially related to fear
Amyadala
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thin outer layer of the cerebrum in which much human thought, planning, perception, and consciousness takes place
Cerebral Cortex
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colection of structures surrounding the thalamus involved in voluntary motor control
Basal Ganglia
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Belt like structure in the middle of the brain that plays an important role in attention and cognitive control
Cingulate Gyrus
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Network of nerve fiber that runs up through both the hind brain and the mid brain, and cognitive control
Reticular Formation
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Nerve fiber that connect the two hemisphere of the brain
Corpus Callosum
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What are the main functions and location of the four lobes of cerebral cortex?
Frontal: in front of brain, most important for thinking, planning, and integrating the brain activity
Parietal: makes up the top and rear sections of the brain integrate the sensation and perception of touch
Temporal: lies directly below the frontal and parietal lobes and right behind the ears (hearing is the main function)
Occipital: occupy the rear if the brain visuak information is processed threw th eoccipital lobe
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What are the main functions and locations of the motor and sumato areas?
Motor Cortex: descending form the top of the head towards the center of the brain (control the body right side)
Suamato Sensory Cortex: front most portions of the parietal lobes receives input from the body right side
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What are the specialized functions associated with the two cerebral hemisphere (right and left)
Left hemisphere: language, speech, and comprehension, receive in from the right side and controls the right side
Right hemisphere: nonverbal information, percceptions, visual recognition and controls the left side of body
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Which of these two hemispheres seem to have specialized funcions associated with language ability, artistic ability, and emotional responding?
Left Hemisphere
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Which of these two hemispheres seem to have specialized funciton that would become more apparent when problem solving requires attention to fine details and when problem solving requires creative solutions or insight?
Right Hemisphere
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What are the main functions and location of the following endocine glands?
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Master endocrine gland of the body that controls the release of hormones from glands throughout the body.
Pituary Gland
Under the Hypothalamus Gland
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Sits in neck region releases hormones that control heart rate of metabolism
Thyroid
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Releases hormones including insulin that play a vital role in regulating blood sugar levels
Pancreas
(Located in abdominal)
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Releases sex hormones that lead to development of sex characteristic ( such as body hair and breast development) sex drive, and other aspects of sexual maturation
Testes
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Releases sex hormones that lead to development of sex characteristic ( such as body hair and breast development) sex drive, and other aspects of sexual maturation
Ovaries
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Endocrine structure that release hormones important in regulating the stress response and emotions they also help regulate heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar
Adrenal Glands
(Abdominal)
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What is the link between dopamine, epinephrine, nonepinephrine, and cortisol and the function of the adrenal gland during stress?
The adrenal glands produce these catecholamine's: a class of chemicals which ANS activation
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What is the connection between the endocrine system and the nervous system?
The endocrine system works in conjunction with the nervous system and in dynamic relationship with the brain
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What brain activity inforamtion do the following techniques provide in psychological research?
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Electroencephalgraphy (EEG)
Measuring brain activity shows when brain activity occurs
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Magnetic Resource Imaging (MRI)
Detailed images of the structure of the brain and other soft tissues
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
measure blood flows to active areas in the brain
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What is the researchr esults obtained by tiffany field on the effect of touch (massaging) infants on cognitive and motor development
They took 20 premature babies and massaged them
and 20 premature babies and did not massage them
The 20 that were massaged gained 47% more weight and they were more active and alert
At 8 months they were more cognitive developed and motor developed
A mothers touch is absolutely necessary to maintain normal growth and development
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