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where does absorption of nutrients mostly take place in the GIT? where does absorption of water mostly occur?
- small intestine for nutrient absorption
- large intestine for water absorption
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where does fermentation start?
cecum
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what are some signs of poor dental health?
- quidding, abnormal head position during chewing
- loss of condition
- colic
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what 3 things does microbes produce when breaking down fibrous/non-fibrous carbohydrates?
- volatile fatty acids
- gas (wasted energy)
- vitamins B and K
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How long does it take a horse to be off feed before microbial numbers decline? how long until the microbes are able to repopulate once back on food?
- decr. if food withheld for >8hr
- takes up to 1 wk to repopulate
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what specialized bacteria take over when too much CHO reaches cecum undigested?
bacillus, lactobacillus, streptococcus
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How does high starch diet lead to colic and laminitis?
excess starch reaches colon undigested --> normal microbes die off/CHO microbes over populate --> produce lactic acid --> mucosa damage/impaired motility --> colic and endotoxemia from mucosal damage =>laminitis
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nutritional requirements of most horses may be met by feeding what?
good quality hay/pasture + water + trace mineral salt block
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what is daily water requirement?
- 50ml/kg/day (8-10 gallons/day; mostly periprandial)
- *depends also on horses environment/workload/etc
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How many mcal/day does horse need for maintenance?
16mcal/day
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how many mcal/day does pleasure/light work horse need vs. moderate work vs. heavy/intense work?
- L: ~20mcal/day
- M: ~25mcal/day
- H:>30mcal/day
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what % of fiber/forage feeds are crude fiber? how much of the horses overall diet should be composed of these feeds?
- 28-38% crude fiber
- fiber > 50% diet per day
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What % of the horse's body weight per day should be comprised of forage feed?
- 1.5-2% of body wt (in pounds)/day
- (~ 20 lb of hay per day)
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What VFA's are produced from fiber digestion? How are they used by the body?
- acetate - used directly at muscle cell for energy
- proprionate and butyrate undergo metabolism in liver --> proprionate for gluconeogenesis but butyrate less important
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why are meal fed horses more likely to develop gastric ulcers?
unable to maintain feed bolus so greater risk for acid injury
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what limits horses' ability to digest starches?
limited supply of amylase from pancreas for proper digestion
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what are 3 components of plants, which can be utilized for energy and which remains undigested? what enzyme is needed to break down the plants?
- cellulose and hemicellulose fermented for energy
- lignin remains 100% undigested --> gas produced
- enzyme = cellulase
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What is more digestible: mature/stemmy or immature/leafy/small stem hay? where is protein found in hay?
- immature/leafy more digestible
- protein in the leaves
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What is minimum fiber content in "complete" feeds?
>15% fiber
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What is fiber content of beet pulp, another forage option? How is it prepared to avoid esophageal choke? what mineral is beet pulp high in?
- < or = 28%
- dehydrated so add water
- high in Ca (low in protein ~10%)
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what is fiber content of bran (outer shell of grain kernels)? is this a high or low density feed?
- 15% fiber
- low density feed (requires a lot to meet fiber needs; less suitable than beet pulp as fiber supplement)
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what is concern with turning horse out to fresh spring grasses if he is not accustomed to it? what time of day is safest to start exposing horse to this?
- high CHO content can trigger colic/laminitis
- early morning best for grazing since less NSC in the grass
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what are examples of NSC or "concentrates"? what type of horse may require this added to the diet?
- oats, corn, molasses
- (oats safer than corn)
- race horses/high performance; lactating mares, underwt/thin
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How much grain can be fed per day and per meal?
- 2g starch/kg causes digestive upset
- safe to feed <2lb grain/meal so break grain feedings into 2-4 meals to meet the total amount needed
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How does fat compare to CHO as energy supplement? which vitamins are absorbed with fat?
- fat = cheaper than concentrates and provides more energy in less volume, safer than concentrates
- vitamins ADEK
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What % of diet should be fat in pasture horse? pleasure? performance? growing/lactating?
- pasture: 3%
- pleasure: 3-6%
- performance: 6-12%
- growing/lactating: 14-16%
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Owner wants to add corn oil or safflower oil to the diet. How much can they give per day?
up to one cup twice daily
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what part of the GIT is protein digested and absorbed? which protein is critical for growth
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how much of the diet should be protein? which feeds are considered high in protein?
- ~7-20%
- legumes (alfalfa, soybeans)
- seeds
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what is the difference between horse getting too much water vs. fat soluble vitamins?
- excess water soluble will be excreted in urine
- excess fat soluble gets stored so can lead to toxicity
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which 2 vitamins are essential and must come through the diet?
A and E
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What is vitamin A? what are the functions?
- B carotene -->retinol
- essential for vision, skin health, bone/muscle growth, and reproduction
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where can Vit A be found normally? who needs this supplemented?
- high quality leafy forages/pastures
- young/growing (poorly transported through placenta, but good in colostrum)
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What is vitamin E? what are its functions?
- alpha-tocopherol
- enhances immune function, antioxidant, DNA synthesis
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what are sources for vit E? who needs this supplemented? what happens if deficient?
- high quality hays/grains (80% can be lost in baling process)
- young/growing
- white muscle disease; neuron disease in >2yr olds
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what is function and source of Vit. D?
- essential for Ca/P absorption from small intestine; cell differentiation
- source: UV light
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who needs vit. d supplements? what happens if deficient? what happens if excess?
- no need to supplpement as long as UV exposure and high quality food
- (no rickets in horses)
- too much Vit. D --> Ca removed from bones and deposited elsewhere like heart
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what is source of vit K? Where is vit K stored? what is its function?
- source= forage feed/colonic microbes make it
- stored in liver
- needed for coagulation
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What are the names for various forms of B vitamins and what are the functions?
- B1=thiamin for nerve transmission (made by colon microbes, in forage)
- B2=Riboflavin for ATP synthesis/lipid metabolism
- B7=Biotin
- B12=Cobalamin for RBC synthesis (with folate)
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what is another name for Vit C? function? source?
- ascorbic acid
- fx: antioxidant
- body can make, no need to supplement
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what are the micominerals needed in equine diet?
- Cu, Zn
- Iodine, Iron
- Mn, Selenium
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what are the macromolecules needed in equine diet?
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what mineral is in high concentration in forage and how is this reflected in urine?
- Calcium
- excess Ca forms calcium carbonate crystals
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what mineral is in high concentration in grain and is primarily responsible for formation of ATP?
phosphorous
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which two minerals compete for absorption from small intestine?
Ca and P
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what should Ca:P ratio be in adult? in growing horse?
- adult: 1.4:1 (up to 6:1 acceptable)
- grow: 2:1
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what is primary extracellular fluid cation? What are the responsibilities of this cation?
- Na
- ensure CNS stability, generate action potential, cofactor in glucose shuttles
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what is primary extracellular anion? what is the function of this anion?
- Cl-
- acid-base balance, component of stomach acid
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What macromineral is imporant in neuromuscular path and part of Na/K ATPase pump? where do horses get this mineral from?
- Mg
- found in forages/feedstuffs
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what is primary intracellular fluid cation? what happens if excess of this mineral is ingested?
- K
- excess excreted in urine
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what is function of selenium? what is result of Se deficiency?
- antioxidant
- white muscle disease
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Neonates (up to 1mo) get sole nutrition from mares milk, what is their daily digestible energy requirement?
- 150kcal/kg/d
- (as compared to adult with 32kcal/kg/day; heavy work at 64kcal/kg/d)
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how much weight should neonate be gaining every day?
2-4 lbs per day
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at what age do foals actually start ingesting fiber/grain?
4-6 weeks of age
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what is protein, fat, and fiber content of mare's milk replacer? Is this an acidified or alkaline diet?
- protein: >20%
- fat: >20%
- fiber<0.5%
- acidified to enhance digestibility and maintain quality w/reconstitution
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when should you introduce creep feeding? when should you start weaning?
- by what age have most horses fully reached adult body weight?
- creep: 2 months old
- wean at 3-6mo
- adult wt: 3-4 yr
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for geriatric horse (>20yr) what is goal BCS? what 3 organ systems are we most concerned about?
- 4.5-6 of 9
- kidney, heart, lungs
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how does geriatric metabolic needs compare to adult?
does not slow metabolic activity with age so still needs 1.5-2% body wt (in lbs) /day, possibly even more
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with aerobic respiration, what is heart rate and what is main source of energy?
- HR <150
- VFA (glucose should be last option here, VFAs enough)
- O2 for energy production
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with aerobic respiration, what is heart rate and what is main source of energy?
- HR >150
- VFAs alone not enough, need glucose/NSC
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how much concentrate does breeding stallion require? how much hay?
- concentrate 0.5%
- hay 1.75-2% BWT
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when does pregnant mare require additional nutrition?
- at 3rd trimester (>20mcal/day) and especially when nursing
- (feed at 16mcal/day during first 8mo)
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what vitamins are especially important in lactating mare? what % body wt/day of hay is needed?
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