Site Planning 1

Special permission granted to the owner of a parcel of land waiving certain specific restrictions when the enforcement of these would impose an unusual or unreasonable hardship on the owner.

Permitted only if specified conditions are met, public hearing has been held, and approval has been given by the local government body. Granted normally if it considered public interest.

0.3%-1%

0.5%

0.5% min

1% min

5% max

8%

• 10% max
• 2% min

• 10% max
• 17% for trucks in low gears

15%

25%

50% - also depends on soil stability

0.4% to 1.4% - depends on pipe size

2%

0.5%

Appear nearly level to the eye, and are suitable for construction and outdoor activities

Suitable for most construction activities

More difficult to use and consequently more expensive for building construction because of complicated foundations and utility connections

Building a solid mass

Standoff distance

Contour area method, end area method, calculation by grid

Restriction of the deed which regulates land use, aesthetic qualities, etc.

Restrictions on the deed that place limitations on the use of the property. Restrictive covenants are an example. Usually initiated by the developers- those who determined what the land would be used for, divided into plots. Come with property and usually can't be changes or removed by subsequent owners.

1937- designated the Vieux Carre, a historic district in 1937 adopting mechanisms from Charleston

1931- first city in US to establish a "historic district" in 1931 as a response to attrition of aging building stock through theft, demolition and neglect.

Influenced by Radburn, NJ plan. Features a series of underpasses that promote travel on foot throughout the community.

Late 1920-1930s- part of city was acquired and restored, preserved, reconstructed by what is now the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation led by Rev. W.A.R. Goodwin and financed by John D. Rockefeller

• 1928 plan developed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright. First plan to take on planning for pedestrians and automobiles. Use of underpass to allow pedestrian traffic to pass under cars traffic. Intended to prevent accidents and separate traffic types. Only one underpass constructed.
• -landmark based on circulation network that included separate pedestrian access and car traffic

Beginning in 1852, the Baron Haussmann's urbanization program involved leveling entire quarters to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of bourgeoisie standing.

• Precinctual
• -precinctual patterns allow growth in any direction and are flexible, compact, and efficient

• -medieval square of florence
• -link between town center and river
• -renaissance had first expression

• -connection of piazza San Marco is extension of maritime space of grand canal
• -primary center of city - with system of subcenters which recall the dominant center

• -development of classical Rome was based on the gradual accumulation of self-contained building complexes. Each served a distinct activity and interrelated with its neighbors. Thus, Rome achieved a rational order through a precintual arrangement of separate, balanced components.
• -based on gradual accumulation of self-contained bldg complexies
• -held together by sheer mass of its individual elements
• -Classical Rome: compression
• -Baroque Rome: tension

Based on grid system

Example of Baroque planning approach, L'Enfant

Based on grid system. Wards of 40 houses are bounded by major streets with each section having a public square.

Employed to support existing foundations or walls being extended downward to the level of a new, deeper foundation. Two most common methods of underpinning involve needle beams or pipe cylinders with hydraulic jacks.

Diagonal braces used to brace the sheeting to resist the soil pressure. Where soil conditions permit, tiebacks into the surrounding soil or rock can be used in place of rakers- this keeps excavation clear and more accessible.

A type of sheeting in which a narrow trench is filled with a slurry or soupy mixture, of bentonite clay and water, which resists the pressure of the earth. After the trench excavation is completed, reinforcing steel is lowered into the trench, concrete is placed from bottom up and the slurry is pumped out.

Consists of vertical planks which fit tightly together and are driven into the earth to form a barrier before starting excavation.

Wide flange steel sections driven vertically into the earth at 5 to 10ft intervals to a depth lower than that of the proposed excavation.

Used to dewater an excavation.

Wood boards are placed horizontally between soldier beams as the earth is removed.

• Column footing
• Wall footing
• Combined or cantilever footing
• Mat footing or raft footing- when conditions are poor
• Boat footing - similar to mat but deeper; placed at depth such that weight of soil removed from excavation is equal to load of buildings and thus little or no new loaf is added to underlying soil.

• Pile: wood, steel, concrete or composite of two materials; driven into ground by steam, air or diesel hammer or high pressure water jets (rarely advised)
• Drilled pile
• Drilled caisson: transfers the load by end bearing- often belled
• Caissons and cofferdams: box-like structures where very wet or soft soils are encountered- may be timber, steel or concrete

• Underground water generally flows slowly
• Ground water table fluctuates seasonally
• Permeable material through which water flows is an aquifier

• Generally used in gypsum concrete roof deck construction
• used in gyp concrete construction

Pleasant

Unnoticeable

Drafty and annoying

• Continuous lines that connect multiple points having same elevation.
• Represent proposed land form modifications.
• Never split two.

• When soft soil is encountered- remove it and replace with compacted fill- can be on site or imported soil.
• Usually compacted 6" layers by sheepsfoot rollers.
• Where compaction is required/anticipated, typical samples are obtained and subjected to a laboratory test know as Proctor test to determine soils optimum moieties content and density.
• Properly compacted fill is often suitable for the support of building footings as well as walks and pavements.

Fourfold

Under pressure

Flow by gravity and flow only partially full

• -features a concentrated grouping of residential units surrounded by open space
• -the idea of clustering is to place units in a tight group by reducing lot sizes, and thereby end up with large common areas of open space that can be developed or simply enjoyed in a commercial way
• -in the cluster plans, the lengths of streets and utility runs are generally reduced and most residential units ajoin some open space - for these reasons, such development is most suitable in a hilly area, an area defined by irregular contours
• -units may be sited in a hilly area
• -units may be sited on a moderately sloping land, while more steeply land is left for common open space

• -deeply recessed openings
• -horizontal louvers

• 1:12; flatter is preferable
• -ramps other than those used by the handicapped are usually limited to a slope of 1:8

The amount of soil removed from one portion of a site is equal to the amount added to another to avoid having to truck soil to or from another job site.

Identify the elevation of a single point; however they identify an existing element that serves as as a reference point.

• -an elevation symbol indicated on a grading plan and identifying the proposed elevation at a single location
• -typically used to identify the elevation of key structures such as building corners, manholes, catch basins

When mixed with nitrogen and soil, is used as an organic fertilizer. Principal purpose in making compost is to permit the organic materials to become crumbly and to reduce the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the material.

well-decomposed, more or less stable part of the organic matter found in mineral soils

generally used to help conserve moisture, control temperature, prevent surface compaction, reduce runoff and erosion, improve soil structure, or control weeds

Combination of soil and water, having a higher mineral content than peat. It is decomposed to the point where the original plant parts cannot be identified.

• -high performance turf reinforcement mats
• -turf reinforcement mats
• -erosion control blankets
• -nonwoven geotextiles
• -woven geotextiles
• -soil reinforcement geotextiles
• -silt fence fabrics
• -paving products

• 1) VAPOR EXTRACTION: clean up technology used to remiate the unsaturated zone
• 2) BIODEGRATION: naturally occuring biodegration means degradation of organic compounds by ingredients microbes without artificial enhancement
• 3) IN-SITU INCINERATION:
• 4) PHOTOLYSIS: chemical decomposition by the action of radiant energy (as light)

• 1) destruction or alteration of contaminants
• 2) extraction or seperation of contaminants from environmental media
• 3) immobilization of contaminants

• -extraction/treatment - most commonly used to remediate groundwater
• -in situ aeration
• -biological barriers/filters
• -gas chromatograph

• 1)clay
• 2)silt
• 3)sand
• 4)gravel

• -particles under 0.002mm
• -smooth and floury when dry
• -plastic and sticky when wet
• -expands when wet

• -particles from 0.002 to 0.005mm in dia
• -grains are invisible but can be smooth
• -stable when dry or damp, but unstable when wet
• -swells and heaves when frozen

• -particles from 0.05 to 2mm in dia
• -finest grains visible to human eye

• -particles over 2mm in dia
• -sands and gravels excellent for construction loads, drainage, sewage drain fields

Test to determine the suitability of soil for an on site sewage disposal.

building efficiency=net area/ gross area

• 1)drainage
• 2)engineered fill
• 3)compaction
• 4)densification - vibration, compaction
• 5)surcharging - preloading ground with fill
• 6)mixing - sand or gravel mixed with less stable soil

• -borings: core borings, SPT (standard penetration test), Auger borings, wash borings
• -test pits
• -soil load test

• -practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil engineering) to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material
• -a sieve analysis can be performed on any type of non-organic or organic granular materials such as sands, crushed rock, clays, granite, feldspars, coal, soil
• -not provided in writter subsurface report

9sf

27 cubic ft

43,560sf

floor area ration = gross floor area / site area

-efficiency factor has no bearing

• -fraction of radiant energy received on a surface that is reflected
• -ranges from 0.0 (flat black surface that absorbs all energy and reflects nono) to 1.0 (mirror reflecting all energy)

• -regulate land usuage, function, size, and certain exterior aspects
• -segregrate uses
• -control density
• -parking and loading requirements
• -heights, sizes, and set backs
• -site layout and coverage
• -signage and landscaping
• -water retention and detention

• Image of the city (1918-1984) (published 1960)
• -studied how users perceive and organize spatial information as they navigate cities
• -ex. Boston, Jersey City, Los Angeles
• -users understood surroundings by:
• 1)paths: streets, sidewalks, trails
• 2)edges: perceived boundaries, walls bldgs, shorelines
• 3)districts: areas that people have common identifying character
• 4)nodes: focal points, intersections, strategic centers of interest
• 5)landmarks: identifiable objects serve as reference points - similar to nodes, but can not be entered
• 6)imageability: quality of the physical environment that creates a strong image in the mind of the observer

• 1869-1948
• -Une Cite Industrielle (1918)
• -french architect
• -one of the first to emphasize the concept of zoning

• 1850-1928
• -Garden City concept reform movement as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution
• -realized several Garden Cities in Great Britain at beginning of 20c.
• -perfect blend of cities and nature
• -ex. Letchworth Garden City (north of London), Welwyn Garden City

• -american urban design movement that arose in 1980s
• -goal is to reform all aspects of real estate development and urban planning from urban retrofits to suburban infill
• -new uranist and neighborhoods are designed to contain a diverse range of housing and jobs and to be walkable
• -also known as traditional neighborhood design, neotraditional neighborhood design, and transit-oriented development
• -founded in 1999 by Michael E. Arth known as new pedestiranism
• -support planning for open space, appropriate architecture and planning, and the balanced development of jobs and housing. strategies to reduce traffic, increase supply of affordable housing, rein in urban sprawl
• -historic preservation safe streets, green bldgs, renovations of brownfields 

An urban planning and transporation theory that concentrates growth in the center of a city to avoid urban sprawl and advocates compact, transit-oriented, walkable, bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, streets that work for everyone, mixed-use development with a range of housing choices. Smart growth values long-range, regional considerations of sustainability over a short-term focus. Its goals are to achieve a unique sense of community and place; expand the range of transportation, employement, and housing choices; equitably distribute the costs and benefits of development; preserve and enhance natural and cultural resources;promote public health

• 1)local streets (low capacity, access to site and bldgs)
• 2)collector streets (connect local to arterial)
• 3)arterial streets (2-3 lanes, street parking not allowed)
• 4)expressways

• -process of decreasing or accounting for an amount over a period of time
• -amortization (business) the allocation of a lump sum amount to different time periods, particularly for loans and other forms of finance, including related interest or other finance charges
• -also used in the context of zoning regulations and describes the time in which a property owner has to relocate when the property use constitutes a pre-existing nonconforming use under zoning regulations

a table detailing each periodic payment on a loan (typically a mortgage) as generated by an amortization calculator

• 400sf/car for parking spaces, drives and walkways
• 300sf/car for parking space and drives

• -reform movement in North America
• -urban planning of 1890s-1900s
• -intent of beautification monumental grandeur in cities
• -most closely associated to Chicago, Detroit, washington DC

• -umbrian medieval hill town
• -central square with its ancient and beloved fountain

diagram emphasizes interlocking squares are firmly postioned between vistas

• 1) permissive: things you can do
• 2) prohibitive: things you can't do

• 100- foundations
• 200- building shell
• 300- interiors
• 400- conveying systems
• 500- mech and elec
• 600- general conditions and profits
• 900- site development

intensive activity

informal activities

limited activity

subject to erosion

• 10db: normal breathing
• 20-30db: soft whisper
• 40db: hum of small electric motor
• 50db: typical kitchen
• 60db: normal conversation
• 70db: normal office
• 90-100db: rock band
• 100db: subway train
• 160db: jet airplane

7 net sf per occupant

15 net sf per occupant

15-20 net sf per occupant

50 net sf per occupant

300 net sf per occupant

80 net sf per occupant load

200 net sf per occupant

200 net sf per occupant

50 net sf per occupant

100 net sf per occupant

50 net sf per occupant

30-50 net sf per occupant