The OSI reference model divides networking architecture_______ into layers.
seven
List of layers from 1 to 7:
1.~Physical
2.~Data Link
3.~Network
4.~Transport
5.~Session
6.~Presentation
7.~Application
A ___________ __________ is on that does not care if the packet arrives.
connectionless protocol
A _________-__________ ___________does care about the arrival.
connection-orientated protocol
The _________model is a reference tool for understanding data communications between any 2 networked systems.
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
Each layer of the OSI model both performs specific functions to support the layers______ it & offers service to the layers ______ it.
above
below
The 3 lowest layers focus on ______ _______ through the network to an end system.
passing traffic
The top 4 layers come into play in the _____ _______ to complete the process.
end system
With the OSI model, networks can be ______ up into manageable pieces.
broken
The OSI model provides a common language to explain ______ & their ________.
componets
functionality
A networking model offers a generic means to separate computer networking functions into ________ layers.
multiple
Each of these layers relies on the layers below it to provide ________ ________ & preforms support to the layers above it.
supporting capabilities
Such a model of layered functionality is know as a "_____ ______" or "_______ _______".
protocol stack / protocol suite
________ are rules, can do their work in either hardware or software, or as w/ most stacks, in a combination of the 2.
Protocols
The lower layers of the stack do their work in the _______ or _________.
hardware
firmware
what is firmware?
software that runs in specific hardware chips
The upper layers of the stack do their work in the?
software
ISO stands for?
International Organization for Standards
The main benifit of the OSI model:
1. Helps user understand the big picture of networking
2. Helps users understand how hardware & software elements function together
3. Makes troubleshooting easier by seperating networks into managable peices.
4. Defines terms that networking professionals can use to compare basic functionl relationships on diff networks.
5. Helps users understand new technologies as they are developed
6. Aid in interpreting vendor explanations of product functionality
Control is passed from 1 layer to the next, starting w/ the ________ layer in 1 station, & proceeding to the botton, over the channel to the next station & back up the hierarchy.
application
TCP/IP is a ______ of protocols.
suite
TCP/IP go together: TCP~ ______ it up & _______ if it arrives,
IP~ _________ & ________
Boxes
verifies
addresses
routes
TCP is a ________ -________; does checking to see if arrival is made
connection- oriented
IP is _________ just throws on the line.
connectionless
What is a packet?
a single unit of data sent from 1 PC to another.
What does a packet contain?
source address
destination address
data
error-checking info
A frame consist of?
What does the trailer do? (In a frame)
verifies the package received & in the right order
What does the header do? (In a frame)
sends & recieves addresses (IP adderesses)
What does UDP stand for?
User Datagram Protocol
What type for protocol is UDP?
Connectionless ** is not commonly used
The Network uses the _____ to deliver a frame?
address
Errorchecking & control info ensure that a ____ arrives w/out any problems.
frame
Using frames reduces the possibility of lost data or error on the network, b/c each frame has its own ______-_______ _________ checking.
built-in
error
True or False
In networking the term "to route" means to intelligently direct data based on addressing, patterns of usage, & availability.
True
True or False
Reassembly is the process of reconstructing the segmented data units.
True
True or False
The characteristics of the frame components depend on the type of network on which the frame run & on the standards that they must follow.
True
The Ethernet frame is specified by IEEE _____ standard.
802.3
What are the benefits of using a layered network model?
it falicilitates trouble shooting
it breaks the complex process of networking into more manageable chunks
it allows layers developed by different vendors to interoperate
True or False
Most logical addresses are preset in network interface cards at the factory?
False
The physical address~ is the MAC address
The logical address ~ is the IP address
The OSI Model divides networking architactures into ___ layers.
seven
Why was the OSI model developed?
Standards were needed to allow any 2 systems to communicate
The ___ model shows how the network functions of a PC should be organized
ISO
True or False
the Internetworking Protocol (IP) is a reliable protocol?
~False~
IP is connectionless ~ just worried about addressing & routing
True or False
Is the IP protocol a connection-oriented protocol?
~False~
Connectionless
address & routes
does not care~throws on the wire
What type of info must a protocol suite supply to be routable?
MAC address
______ define a common method of communcation between computers?
Routers
True or False
Every process that occurs during network communications can be associated w/ a layer of the OSI Model?
True
In the OSI Model, as a data packet moves from tje lower to the upper layers, headers are ____?
removed
What are connectionless protocol (Examples)
UDP
Ethernet
IPX
What application uses the UDP protocol?
TFTP
What term describes the process of adding headers to data as it moves down the OSI layers?
Encapsulation
What makes it easier for different networking vendors to design software & hardware that will interoperate?
The OSI Model
What protocol maps a logical address (IP) to a MAC (Physical) address?
ARP
The most widely used protocol?
NetBEUI
A set of "rules" for network transmission?
Protocols
What must be configured in TCP/IP for 2 PC on the same segement to communicate w/ each other?
IP address & subnet mask
What is not needed to be configured in TCP/IP for 2 PCs on the same segment to communicate w/ each other?
Default gateway
The Windows NetBIOS name resolution protocol is called?
WINS
What are 2 common classifications for assigning IP addresses?
Static & Dynamic
What protocol is used to translate IP addresses to MAC addresses?
ARP
What is the Physical layer concerned with?
Signal & Bits
Traditional devices of the Physical layer are?
Hubs
Physical layer specifications:
Electrical
mechanical
procedural
functional
move bits between devices
specifies voltage, wire speed, & pin-out cables
The Physical layer defines connectors & ______ specifications, as well as the _____ (____) requirements.
interface
medium (cable)
Electrial, mechanical, & procedural specifications are provided for by sending a ____ ____ on a computer network.
bit
stream
Physical layer componets include:
Cabling system componets
Adapter that connect media to the physical interfaces
Connector design & pon assignments
Hubs, repeaters, & patch panel specifications
Wireless system componets
Parallel SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
Network Interface Card (NIC)
In a LAN enviroment, ______ __ UPT (Unshieled Twisted Pair) cable is gennerally used for the physical layer for individual device connections.
Category 5e
____- ____ cabling is often used for the physical layer in a vertical or riser backbone link.
Fiber-optic
The ____, ANSI, & other similar standards bodies developed standards for the physical layer.
IEEE
The physical layer of the OSI model is only part of a ____ (___)
LAN
Local Area Network
The physical layer defines the ____ or _____ itself.
defines NIC attachments to hardwar, how cable is attached to NIC
defines techniques to transfer bit stream to cable
If you incert a Network Interface Card (NIC) but fail to seat it deeply enough in the computers circuit board, your PC will experience network problems at the _____ layer?
Physical
Repeaters & hubs operate at which layer?
Physical layer (Hubs are just hardware)
The Physical layer is concerned w/ the movement of ____ over the physical medium?
bits
what best describes the function of the physical layer?
defines the electrical & functional specification for the link between end systems.
Data link is concerned with?
frames & datagrams
data link provides what?
reliable transit of data across a physical link
traditional devices of the data link layer?
bridges & switches
true or false
the data link is divided into 2 sublayers?
True
LLC & MAC
The sublayers of the Data Link layer are:
LLC (Logical Link Control)
MAC (Media Access Control)
The LLC sublayer is concerned with: (2)
enable upper layers to gain independence
allows service access points (SAPs) to interface sublayers to upper-layer function
The MAC sublayer is concerened with:(4)
MAC address burned into ROM (24 bit vendor [OUI]/24 bit serial number)
The Data Link layer of the OSI model provides the following functions (4)
Allows a device to access the network to send & recieve messages
Offers a physical address so a device's data can be sent on the network
Works w/ a device's networking software when sending & recieving messages
Provides error-detection capabilities
Common networking components the function at (layer 2) the Data Link layer include (3)
Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Ethernet & Token Ring switches
Bridges
NICs have a Data Link address or a ____ address. A switch uses this address to filter & forward traffic, help relive congestion & _____ on a network segement.
MAC
collision
Bridges & switches function in a similar fashion, however, ________ use application-specific Intergrated Circuits (ASICs) to preform the task in dedicating hardware (which is much faster), while
__________is normally a software program on a CPU.
switches
bridging
Data link layer defines the ______ of data on the network.
format
A network data frame (AKA packet) includes:
checksum
source address
destination address
& data
The largest packet that can be sent throug a Data Link layer defines the ______ ______ _____ (___)
Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
The Data Link layer handles the _____ & _____ connections to the packet's destination, using a network interface.
physical & logical
At the Data Link layer: a host connected to an Ethernet would have an _____ interface to handle connections to the outside world, & a loopback interface to send packes to ____.
Ethernet
itself
Ethernet addresses a host using a unique, __- bit address called its Ethernet address or ___ ___ ___ (__) address.
48-bit
Media Access Control (MAC)
MAC addresses are usually represented as __ colon-separated (:) pair of ___ digits.
2 colon-separated
hex digits
8:0:20:11:ac:85 is an example of what?
a MAC address
A MAC address is a unique number & is associated w/ a particular Ethernet device, this number comes from the _____.
manufacture
A host w/ multiple network interfaces should use the same ____ address in each.
MAC
The Data Link layer's protocol-specific header specifies the MAC address of the packet's _____ & ___.
source & destination
When a packet is sent to all hosts (_____), a special MAC address (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) is used.
broadcast
Data Link layer =
Data frames to bits
Data Link layer componets are:
Bridges
Switch
ISDN Router
Intelligent Hub
NIC
Advanced Cable Testers
Data Link Protocols: LLC (and what it is concerned with)
LLC = error correction & flow control
Manages link control & defines SAPs
802.1 OSI Model
802.2 Logical Link Control
Data Link protocols: MAC sublayer (concerned w/)
MAC = communicates w/ the adapter card
controls the type of media being used
802.3 CSMA/CD (Ethernet)
802.4 Token Bus (ARCnet)
802.5 Token Ring
802.12 Demand Priority
Data Link functions:
turns packets into raw bits & at the reciving end turns bits into packets
Handles data frames beween the Network & Physical Layers
The reciving end packages raw data from the Physical layer into data frames for delivery to the Network layer
Responsible for error-free transfer of frames to another PC via the Physical layer
This layer defines the methods used to transmit & recieve data on the network. it consists of the wiring, the devices used to connect the NIC to the wiring, the signaling involved to transmit/recieve data & the ability to detect signaling errors on the network media.
Data Link Layer provides:?
packets, error-checking & NIC
Data Link layer is concerned w/ (3)
Physical addressing
Network topology
Media access
At the _______ layer, the data blocks are packaged into individual frames.
Data Link
The IEEE expanded the OSI Model by separating the _____ layer into 2 sublayers, the ___ & ____.
Data Link layer
LLC (Logical Link Control) & MAC (Media Access Control)
Bits are packaged into frames at this layer?
Data Link
What are the 2 sublayers of the Data Link Layer?
LLC (Logical Link Control) & MAC (Media Access Control)
The _____ layer can only detect the error.
Data Link
The Network layer passes the the data blocks, w/ their addressing identification, to the ____ layer?
Data Link
What device operates at the Data Link layer of the OSI model?
A NIC
What protocol map a logical address to a MAC address?
