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What does the term OSI stand for?
Open Systems Interconnections
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What are the upper layers of the OSI model
- Application
- Presentation
- Session
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The OSI reference model divides networking architecture_______ into layers.
seven
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List of layers from 1 to 7:
- 1.~Physical
- 2.~Data Link
- 3.~Network
- 4.~Transport
- 5.~Session
- 6.~Presentation
- 7.~Application
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A ___________ __________ is on that does not care if the packet arrives.
connectionless protocol
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A _________-__________ ___________does care about the arrival.
connection-orientated protocol
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The _________model is a reference tool for understanding data communications between any 2 networked systems.
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
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Each layer of the OSI model both performs specific functions to support the layers______ it & offers service to the layers ______ it.
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The 3 lowest layers focus on ______ _______ through the network to an end system.
passing traffic
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The top 4 layers come into play in the _____ _______ to complete the process.
end system
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With the OSI model, networks can be ______ up into manageable pieces.
broken
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The OSI model provides a common language to explain ______ & their ________.
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A networking model offers a generic means to separate computer networking functions into ________ layers.
multiple
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Each of these layers relies on the layers below it to provide ________ ________ & preforms support to the layers above it.
supporting capabilities
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Such a model of layered functionality is know as a "_____ ______" or "_______ _______".
protocol stack / protocol suite
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________ are rules, can do their work in either hardware or software, or as w/ most stacks, in a combination of the 2.
Protocols
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The lower layers of the stack do their work in the _______ or _________.
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what is firmware?
software that runs in specific hardware chips
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The upper layers of the stack do their work in the?
software
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ISO stands for?
International Organization for Standards
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The main benifit of the OSI model:
- 1. Helps user understand the big picture of networking
- 2. Helps users understand how hardware & software elements function together
- 3. Makes troubleshooting easier by seperating networks into managable peices.
- 4. Defines terms that networking professionals can use to compare basic functionl relationships on diff networks.
- 5. Helps users understand new technologies as they are developed
- 6. Aid in interpreting vendor explanations of product functionality
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Control is passed from 1 layer to the next, starting w/ the ________ layer in 1 station, & proceeding to the botton, over the channel to the next station & back up the hierarchy.
application
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TCP/IP is a ______ of protocols.
suite
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TCP/IP go together: TCP~ ______ it up & _______ if it arrives,
IP~ _________ & ________
- Boxes
- verifies
- addresses
- routes
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TCP is a ________ -________; does checking to see if arrival is made
connection- oriented
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IP is _________ just throws on the line.
connectionless
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What is a packet?
a single unit of data sent from 1 PC to another.
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What does a packet contain?
- source address
- destination address
- data
- error-checking info
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What does the trailer do? (In a frame)
verifies the package received & in the right order
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What does the header do? (In a frame)
sends & recieves addresses (IP adderesses)
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What does UDP stand for?
User Datagram Protocol
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What type for protocol is UDP?
Connectionless ** is not commonly used
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The Network uses the _____ to deliver a frame?
address
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Errorchecking & control info ensure that a ____ arrives w/out any problems.
frame
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Using frames reduces the possibility of lost data or error on the network, b/c each frame has its own ______-_______ _________ checking.
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True or False
In networking the term "to route" means to intelligently direct data based on addressing, patterns of usage, & availability.
True
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True or False
Reassembly is the process of reconstructing the segmented data units.
True
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True or False
The characteristics of the frame components depend on the type of network on which the frame run & on the standards that they must follow.
True
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The Ethernet frame is specified by IEEE _____ standard.
802.3
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What are the benefits of using a layered network model?
- it falicilitates trouble shooting
- it breaks the complex process of networking into more manageable chunks
- it allows layers developed by different vendors to interoperate
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True or False
Most logical addresses are preset in network interface cards at the factory?
- False
- The physical address~ is the MAC address
- The logical address ~ is the IP address
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The OSI Model divides networking architactures into ___ layers.
seven
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Why was the OSI model developed?
Standards were needed to allow any 2 systems to communicate
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The ___ model shows how the network functions of a PC should be organized
ISO
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True or False
the Internetworking Protocol (IP) is a reliable protocol?
- ~False~
- IP is connectionless ~ just worried about addressing & routing
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True or False
Is the IP protocol a connection-oriented protocol?
- ~False~
- Connectionless
- address & routes
- does not care~throws on the wire
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What type of info must a protocol suite supply to be routable?
MAC address
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______ define a common method of communcation between computers?
Routers
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True or False
Every process that occurs during network communications can be associated w/ a layer of the OSI Model?
True
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In the OSI Model, as a data packet moves from tje lower to the upper layers, headers are ____?
removed
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What are connectionless protocol (Examples)
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What application uses the UDP protocol?
TFTP
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What term describes the process of adding headers to data as it moves down the OSI layers?
Encapsulation
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What makes it easier for different networking vendors to design software & hardware that will interoperate?
The OSI Model
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What protocol maps a logical address (IP) to a MAC (Physical) address?
ARP
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The most widely used protocol?
NetBEUI
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A set of "rules" for network transmission?
Protocols
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What must be configured in TCP/IP for 2 PC on the same segement to communicate w/ each other?
IP address & subnet mask
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What is not needed to be configured in TCP/IP for 2 PCs on the same segment to communicate w/ each other?
Default gateway
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The Windows NetBIOS name resolution protocol is called?
WINS
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What are 2 common classifications for assigning IP addresses?
Static & Dynamic
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What protocol is used to translate IP addresses to MAC addresses?
ARP
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What is the Physical layer concerned with?
Signal & Bits
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Traditional devices of the Physical layer are?
Hubs
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Physical layer specifications:
- Electrical
- mechanical
- procedural
- functional
- move bits between devices
- specifies voltage, wire speed, & pin-out cables
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The Physical layer defines connectors & ______ specifications, as well as the _____ (____) requirements.
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Electrial, mechanical, & procedural specifications are provided for by sending a ____ ____ on a computer network.
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Physical layer componets include:
- Cabling system componets
- Adapter that connect media to the physical interfaces
- Connector design & pon assignments
- Hubs, repeaters, & patch panel specifications
- Wireless system componets
- Parallel SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
- Network Interface Card (NIC)
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In a LAN enviroment, ______ __ UPT (Unshieled Twisted Pair) cable is gennerally used for the physical layer for individual device connections.
Category 5e
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____- ____ cabling is often used for the physical layer in a vertical or riser backbone link.
Fiber-optic
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The ____, ANSI, & other similar standards bodies developed standards for the physical layer.
IEEE
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The physical layer of the OSI model is only part of a ____ (___)
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The physical layer defines the ____ or _____ itself.
- cable
- medium
- examples: ThinNet, ThickNet, & Unsheilded Twisted Pairs (UTP)
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Physical layer =
Hardware & Raw Bit Stream
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Physical Layer protocols =
- IEEE 802
- IEEE 802.2
- ISO 2110
- ISDN
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Physical layer network componets =
- Repeaters
- Multiplexers
- Hubs (Passive & Active)
- TDR
- Oscilloscope
- Amplifier
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physical layer functions:
- transmit raw bits stream over the physical cable
- defines cables, card, & physical aspects
- defines NIC attachments to hardwar, how cable is attached to NIC
- defines techniques to transfer bit stream to cable
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If you incert a Network Interface Card (NIC) but fail to seat it deeply enough in the computers circuit board, your PC will experience network problems at the _____ layer?
Physical
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Repeaters & hubs operate at which layer?
Physical layer (Hubs are just hardware)
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The Physical layer is concerned w/ the movement of ____ over the physical medium?
bits
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what best describes the function of the physical layer?
defines the electrical & functional specification for the link between end systems.
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Data link is concerned with?
frames & datagrams
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data link provides what?
reliable transit of data across a physical link
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traditional devices of the data link layer?
bridges & switches
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true or false
the data link is divided into 2 sublayers?
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The sublayers of the Data Link layer are:
- LLC (Logical Link Control)
- MAC (Media Access Control)
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The LLC sublayer is concerned with: (2)
- enable upper layers to gain independence
- allows service access points (SAPs) to interface sublayers to upper-layer function
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The MAC sublayer is concerened with:(4)
- MAC address burned into ROM (24 bit vendor [OUI]/24 bit serial number)
- Ethernet (CSMA/CD, 802.3, 802.2, EthII)
- Token Ring (802.5)
- FDDI/CDDI
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Role of Data flow layers (3)
- Combines bits into bytes & bytes into frames
- Access to media using MAC address
- Error detection NOT CORRECTION
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Data Link layer functions defines:
- Physical source & destination address
- Higher layer protocol (Service Access Point) associated w/ frame
- Network topology
- Frame sequencing
- Flow control
- Connection-oriened or connectionless
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The Data Link layer of the OSI model provides the following functions (4)
- Allows a device to access the network to send & recieve messages
- Offers a physical address so a device's data can be sent on the network
- Works w/ a device's networking software when sending & recieving messages
- Provides error-detection capabilities
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Common networking components the function at (layer 2) the Data Link layer include (3)
- Network Interface Cards (NICs)
- Ethernet & Token Ring switches
- Bridges
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NICs have a Data Link address or a ____ address. A switch uses this address to filter & forward traffic, help relive congestion & _____ on a network segement.
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Bridges & switches function in a similar fashion, however, ________ use application-specific Intergrated Circuits (ASICs) to preform the task in dedicating hardware (which is much faster), while
__________is normally a software program on a CPU.
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Data link layer defines the ______ of data on the network.
format
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A network data frame (AKA packet) includes:
- checksum
- source address
- destination address
- & data
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The largest packet that can be sent throug a Data Link layer defines the ______ ______ _____ (___)
Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
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The Data Link layer handles the _____ & _____ connections to the packet's destination, using a network interface.
physical & logical
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At the Data Link layer: a host connected to an Ethernet would have an _____ interface to handle connections to the outside world, & a loopback interface to send packes to ____.
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Ethernet addresses a host using a unique, __- bit address called its Ethernet address or ___ ___ ___ (__) address.
- 48-bit
- Media Access Control (MAC)
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MAC addresses are usually represented as __ colon-separated (:) pair of ___ digits.
- 2 colon-separated
- hex digits
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8:0:20:11:ac:85 is an example of what?
a MAC address
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A MAC address is a unique number & is associated w/ a particular Ethernet device, this number comes from the _____.
manufacture
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A host w/ multiple network interfaces should use the same ____ address in each.
MAC
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The Data Link layer's protocol-specific header specifies the MAC address of the packet's _____ & ___.
source & destination
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When a packet is sent to all hosts (_____), a special MAC address (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) is used.
broadcast
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Data Link layer =
Data frames to bits
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Data Link layer componets are:
- Bridges
- Switch
- ISDN Router
- Intelligent Hub
- NIC
- Advanced Cable Testers
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Data Link Protocols: LLC (and what it is concerned with)
- LLC = error correction & flow control
- Manages link control & defines SAPs
- 802.1 OSI Model
- 802.2 Logical Link Control
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Data Link protocols: MAC sublayer (concerned w/)
- MAC = communicates w/ the adapter card
- controls the type of media being used
- 802.3 CSMA/CD (Ethernet)
- 802.4 Token Bus (ARCnet)
- 802.5 Token Ring
- 802.12 Demand Priority
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Data Link functions:
- turns packets into raw bits & at the reciving end turns bits into packets
- Handles data frames beween the Network & Physical Layers
- The reciving end packages raw data from the Physical layer into data frames for delivery to the Network layer
- Responsible for error-free transfer of frames to another PC via the Physical layer
- This layer defines the methods used to transmit & recieve data on the network. it consists of the wiring, the devices used to connect the NIC to the wiring, the signaling involved to transmit/recieve data & the ability to detect signaling errors on the network media.
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Data Link Layer provides:?
packets, error-checking & NIC
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Data Link layer is concerned w/ (3)
- Physical addressing
- Network topology
- Media access
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At the _______ layer, the data blocks are packaged into individual frames.
Data Link
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The IEEE expanded the OSI Model by separating the _____ layer into 2 sublayers, the ___ & ____.
- Data Link layer
- LLC (Logical Link Control) & MAC (Media Access Control)
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Bits are packaged into frames at this layer?
Data Link
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What are the 2 sublayers of the Data Link Layer?
LLC (Logical Link Control) & MAC (Media Access Control)
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The _____ layer can only detect the error.
Data Link
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The Network layer passes the the data blocks, w/ their addressing identification, to the ____ layer?
Data Link
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What device operates at the Data Link layer of the OSI model?
A NIC
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What protocol map a logical address to a MAC address?
ARP
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