QRM II

Matilda has about 6 missing cases on her index of voting interest out of 1500 respondents. The best strategy for handling these missing cases would be to:

If an index fails to predict strongly the
external validation items, it is due to either:

Surrisi wants to develop a scale measuring love
and wants to include a few dozen judges, or experts, to rate each of her items
in terms of how strongly each indicator measures love. She should use:

Yellow Bird wanted to develop a measure of
satisfaction with school life using items to reflect the various dimensions of
school life (academics, social life, residence halls). She wanted to have each
item measure intensity of feeling by using such categories as "strongly
agree" and "strongly disagree." Which approach is best?

Serrina wanted to analyze the intersection
between two variables--school type (public or private) and school location
(urban or rural)--in her study of student values. Which approach should she use?

External validation is to internal validation as prediction is to:

Which one of the following is not one of the reasons composite measures are frequently used?

The Bogardus scale measures:

Frank wants to develop a measure of support for recycling such that he
can assign scores to patterns of responses. Some items reflect a
relatively weak degree of the variable while others reflect something
stronger. Which one of the following should he use?

Which type of validity is used to select items for an index?

Why should you perform bivariate and multivariate analyses of the items in your index?

Why should you perform bivariate and multivariate analyses of the items in your index?

What are the two decisions to be made in deciding how to score an index?

Edgar decides to validate his index of marital happiness by determining which people subsequently divorced. Edgar is using:

Nick wanted to develop a scale to determine how willing people are to
connect at various levels with people with disabilities. Nick should use
the:

Othello wanted to develop a scale to measure love that involved having
respondents choose between two opposite positions, using qualifiers to
bridge the distance between the two opposites. Best to use would be the:

In addition to using two opposite positions, the semantic differential also uses:

he coefficient of reproducibility is used with which scale?

The coefficient of reproducibility indicates:

Problems will emerge especially when typologies are used as:

The Thurstone scale was named after Rensis Likert.
True False

Although it is referred to as Likert scaling, to call it a scale is really a misnomer.
True False

Scales are superior to indexes.
True False

Generally, a composite measure should represent only one dimension of a concept.
True False

It is important to examine both univariate and bivariate relationships among items in refining an index.
True False

The phrase "equal appearing intervals" applies to the Thurstone scale.
True False

The Bogardus social distance scale measures how much alienation people experience.
True False

The whole point of scoring is to create a single composite index out of several items.
True False

Researchers use scales much more frequently than they use indexes.
True False

If an index fails to predict external validation items, the conclusion
to be drawn is more ambiguous than if item analysis show inconsistent
relationships between the items and the index itself.
True False

_______ scaling is an attempt to develop a format for generating groups of
indicators of a concept that have at least an empirical structure among
them.

The _____ asks respondents to choose between two opposite positions on various dimensions.

With _______ scaling, one looks for an underlying
intensity structure among responses to items such that "hard" and "easy"
indicators can be identified.

The _______ is used in Guttman scaling to determine the
percentage of original responses that could be reproduced by knowing the
scale scores used to summarize them.

The principle of item selection that helps develop items with sufficient range on the variable you are measuring is known as ______.

Maggie wanted to do a study of women who had participated in
extramarital affairs. Since there is no sampling frame listing all such
women, she visited a women's group and asked for volunteers among those
who had participated in an affair. She then asked each of those women
for the names of other possible study participants. She was using which
design?

What is the unit about which information is collected in a sample, and that provides the basis of analysis?

Becky determined that the mean age of all students at her community
college, the population she wished to study, was 22.3 years old. This
value is known as a/an:

Chauncey determined that 50 percent of students at his school voted
Republican in the last election, with a sampling error (also known as
standard error) of 5 percent. What is the confidence interval for a 95
percent confidence level?

Unlisted telephone numbers creates a special problem for accurate:

Periodicity is a particular problem for which sampling design?

Stratification is based on which principle?

Andre surveyed the first ten students walking out of the library on
three consecutive evenings, starting at 7PM. Which sampling design does
this example reflect?

Gilbert wanted to study only students who do very well in class because
such students would best help him test his theory. He asked 20
professors for the names of high achieving students and he then
interviewed them. Which sampling design does this example reflect?

Holstein set up a matrix representing his population of residence hall
students, using gender and class level. He then started interviewing
students and continued until he had accomplished the percentages he set
out in the beginning. Which sampling design does this example reflect?

When people selected for a sample are not typical or representative of
the larger population from which they have been selected, we have:

EPSEM means:

Sequine sampled states first, then churches, and then church members. Each of these three is known as a/an:

Sampling error reflects:

Walker took a systematic sample from the list of members in his car club
by selecting every sixth member. The list of members is known as the:

If you are particularly concerned about how well a sample represents a population, pay particular attention to the:

A table of random numbers is used for which design?

Maggie sampled 25 members in her church by taking every fifth member.
There are 200 members in the church. What is the sampling ratio?

Mildred wanted to do a study of recycling club members employing a
random sample. There is no master list of recycling club members in the
US. She has only enough money to study 70 clubs. What would be the best
design to use?

What is the basic process in probability proportionate to size sampling?

Findings based on a sample can be taken as representing only the aggregation of elements that compose the sampling frame.
True False

Probability sampling provides a sample from a population such that the
sample contains essentially the same variations that exist in the
population.
True False

Bias in sampling simply means that those selected are not typical or
representative of the larger populations they have been chosen from.
True False

The study population is more theoretically specified than the population.
True False

Sampling error is the degree of error to be expected for a given method of measuring a variable.
True False

Systematic sampling is seldom used in practice, with simple random sampling being the preferred approach.
True False

In systematic sampling, the sampling ratio is the standard distance between elements selected in the sample.
True False

Multistage cluster samples have more sampling error than a simple random sample.
True False

Disproportionate sampling and weighting are used when you want to
oversample some subpopulations to make sure you have enough people to
use in your analyses.
True False

Stratified sampling is based on the principle that the larger the sample, the lower the sampling error.
True False

We use the _____ to establish the accuracy of our sample statistics by indicating how sure we can be that the statistics
fall within a specified interval from the parameter.

In systematic sampling, the _____ is the standard distance between elements selected in the sample.

______ is used when it is difficult to compile an exhaustive list of the elements comprising the target population.
Instead, subpopulations are sampled.

______ is used when it is difficult to compile an  exhaustive list of the elements comprising the target population.
Instead, subpopulations are sampled.

With __________ sampling, a researcher selects a sample on the basis of knowledge of a population, its elements, and the purpose of the study.

Priscilla wishes to study the
competing views between students and teachers regarding what high school should
be like. She is particularly interested in strategies for reducing the
divergence between teachers and students. Best to use would be:

Renzetta wishes to study the interaction
patterns between parents and their young children, especially as the children
learn to use language. Best to use would be:

Modesto was concerned that many respected theories of stratification were based
on data about men. She wanted to examine the causes and consequences of class
among women, with a particular focus on how stratification systems often
oppress women. Which paradigm would be best?

Which theorist examined society in terms of
those with access to the means of production and workers?

Which one of the following statements best
summarizes the role of deduction and induction?

The first step in constructing a theory through
the inductive method is to:

Which theorist suggested that religious belief
be replaced with scientific objectivity?

Who was an early theorist concerned with how
individuals interacted with one another?

Which term generally represents the belief in a
logically ordered, objective reality that we can come to know?

An essential quality in any hypothesis is that
it can be supported or not supported, which is known as:

Hortense assumed that students like to get high
grades. He then developed a specific testable expectation that the more
students study, the higher their grades. This expectation is known as a/an:

The famous Asch experiment suggests that:

According to the traditional model of science,
scientists begin with:

Frank developed a theory and an hypothesis about
criminal behavior as related to gender. He constructed measures for criminal
behavior. The next step for Frank according to the traditional model of science
is:

The first step in deductive theory construction
is to:

The last step in deductive theory construction
is to:

The step between hypothesis and observation in
the traditional model of science is:

Which two factors help counter the potential
bias that may emerge in research by following a particular theoretical
orientation?

The use of social science methods

The feminist paradigm is politically concerned
with the oppression of women in many societies.
True False

Ultimately, we'll never know whether there is an
objective reality that we experience subjectively or whether our concepts of an
objective reality are illusory.
True False

Whereas theories seek to explain, paradigms
provide ways of looking at fundamental frames of reference.
True False

Social scientists interested in explaining
international relations and the intersections among the various institutions in
a society would be more likely to use a microtheory than a macrotheory.
True False

Field research is used more often in inductive
theory construction than in deductive theory construction.
True False

Field research is used more often in inductive
theory construction than in deductive theory construction.
True False

The paradigm that states that social entities
are made up of interconnected parts is structural functionalism.
True False

Symbolic interactionism is more of a microtheory
than a macrotheory
True False

Social theories that focus
attention on society at large are called ______.

The person most responsible for
the conflict paradigm is _________.

The ethical issue of voluntary participation is most closely related to which one of the following?

Zoe is a student at Lake Wobegon State University and wishes to do a study on how students' living arrangements affect their academic engagement. Who must review her research before it can be done?

The main reasons that codes of ethics exist are that:

The distinction between the ethics and politics of social research is that:

Which one of the following is false?

The norm of voluntary participation most threatens which aspect of the research process?

Denise did an experiment on what generates hostility and was particularly concerned that her subjects base their voluntary participation on a full understanding of the possible risks involved. This is an example of:

Violet did a survey of the students in her residence hall in which she, the researcher, could not identify a given response with a given respondent. She employed:

Ed did a survey of the students in his introductory sociology class in which he could identify a given person's responses but promised not to do so publicly. He employed:

Formal ethical principles are known as:

Debriefing is particularly helpful in responding to which ethical issue?

The chief responsibility of Institutional Review Boards is to make sure that:

If a research study was not rigorously preplanned and organized, it is best to:

Who serves on Institutional Review Boards?

Professional associations have developed codes of ethics because:

The main ethical issue in Laud Humphreys' study of homosexuals was:

The main ethical issue in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience (electric shocks) was:

Social research and politics have been particularly controversially intertwined in what area?

Which one of the following is false regarding the lessons of Babbie's discussion of politics?

Serving as an expert witness:

The ethics of social research deals mostly with the methods employed while political issues tend to center on the substance and use of research.
True False

If you have anonymity you have confidentiality, but if you have confidentiality you do not necessarily have anonymity.
True False

The norm of voluntary participation goes directly against several scientific concerns.
True False

Just about any research that you might conduct runs the risk of injuring other people in some way.
True False

Nowhere have social research and politics been more controversially intertwined than in the area of racial relations.
True False

Spurious relationships are relevant for which criterion for establishing nomothetic causality?

The ecological fallacy is most relevant in terms of which one of the following?

Yugorsky studied five fifth-grade classes over three years to determine how friendship patterns established in the fifth grade affected friendship patterns in the eighth grade. He studied the same group of students over time, but not necessarily the same individuals. Which design did he use?

Longitudinal studies are particularly useful for addressing which criterion for establishing causality?

Desiree did a study on the causes of juvenile delinquency. Specifically, she examined if living in a city as opposed to the suburbs caused adolescents to become more delinquent. Which purpose of research did she pursue?

Ricardo studied married couples in order to see if length of marriage affected the nature and quality of communication patterns. Which unit of analysis did he use?

In order to receive an honorable or dishonorable discharge from the military, you must be in the military. In terms of the discharge type, being in the military is a/an:

Exploratory studies are done for all except which one of the following purposes?

Cindy established that gender came before voting in her study of adults in her city, so the time order was clear. She also ruled out the effects of age, religiosity, and other "third" variables. Which criterion for causality remains for her to establish?

Brunelle concluded from her study on gender and delinquency that it is not just probabilistic that men commit more delinquency, but that gender is the only relevant factor in that high levels of delinquency are always committed by men. Which false criterion for nomothetic causality is reflected in this example?

Othello studied blogs to examine how they have changed in content over time. What was his unit of analysis?

Andrea studied Native American women to learn more about how they cope with their minority status. What was her unit of analysis?

Which one of the following is the best example of reductionism?

Which one of the following is the best example of the ecological fallacy?

Which one of the following designs is the most likely to be used for descriptive purposes?

Vice president of sales Bennett wishes to study the changing characteristics of customers over the past ten years. Best to use would be a:

Margot wants to examine how student nurses change in their orientation towards patients over the course of their three years in nursing school. She is particularly concerned with following changes within the same individuals. Best to use would be a:

Rowan wishes to make some causal assertions in his cross-sectional study about how church attendance as a child is connected with juvenile deviance as a teen. He can approximate a longitudinal study by:

Which one of the following represents a condition that must be present for the effect to follow?

Once you have a well-defined purpose for your study and a clear description of the kinds of outcomes you want to achieve, the next step in your research design is:

We never discover single causes that are absolutely necessary and absolutely sufficient when analyzing nomothetic relationships.
True False

Sociobiology is a prime example of reductionism.
True False

A panel study is a type of longitudinal study which examines the same individuals in a set of people at various points in time.
True False

It is possible to study units of analysis other than individuals, groups, organizations, social interactions, and social artifacts.
True False

Researchers can draw approximate conclusions about processes that take place over time by using cross-sectional data.
True False

Juan wanted to be particularly careful to represent all levels of feelings about how ethical members of Congress are. So, instead of just asking how much respondents agreed with a statement that "Members of Congress are ethical," he instead asked for responses ranging from "Members are completely unethical" to "Members are always very ethical." Juan was responding to which operationalization choice?

Which method for establishing reliability does not depend on using the measure itself?

Belinda used IQ in her study of depression. What is the level of measurement of IQ?

Lucinda established the validity of her religiosity measure by making sure it corresponded with our common agreements and our individual mental images concerning her concept. She did this by checking with other people, particularly those familiar with religious issues. Which measure of validity did she use?

Nominal definitions most closely parallel which type of validity measure?

Myrna measured class level of students at her university, which has graduate programs, with these attributes: first-year, sophomore, junior, and senior. Which quality of measures does this measure lack?

Luke developed a measure of religious affiliation that included these attributes: Protestant, Baptist, Catholic, Jewish, Other, None. Which quality of measures does this measure lack?

Esther spent some time talking to students in love to specify what she means by love. She was engaged in:

Theoretical creations that are based on observations but that cannot be observed directly or indirectly are known as:

Marlinda developed three aspects for her concept love: communication, trust, and attraction. These aspects are known as:

Miguel developed items to help determine the presence or absence of his concept of love. These items are known as:

Larry has developed ten indicators for the concept alienation. He's not yet sure exactly which ones are best. One approach he takes is to see if all the indicators behave the same way when related to Larry's independent variable, gender. Larry is employing:

Nancy tried to develop a definition of occupational success that included its essential nature. She tried to develop a/an:

The reason why definitions are less problematic in explanatory research than in descriptive research is because:

Region (East, West, South, Midwest) is what level of measurement?

The main reason you need to know the level of measurement for your variables is so that:

Monique developed a measure of religiosity and gave her instrument to her sample on two different occasions to see how reliable it was. Which type of reliability is reflected in this example?

Monty used his ten-item scale on love to see how separate sets of five indicators correlated with each other. Which type of reliability is reflected in this example?

Nelson wanted to validate his measure of driver awareness. He did so by checking with the Department of Motor Vehicles a few years after giving his measure to young teens to see how many tickets they had received. Which type of validity does this example reflect?

Sophie developed a measure of job satisfaction. She validated her measure by seeing if it related to other variables that she logically expected to be related to job satisfaction. Which type of validity does this example reflect?

Real definitions are less useful than nominal and operational definitions.
True False

Quantitative, nomothetic, structured techniques tend to be more reliable, and qualitative, idiographic methods tend to be more valid.
True False