Final Exam Metabolism

• absorptive - first 2-4 hours after eating
• postabsorptive - everything after those first 2-4 hours

(most questions on final will be on absorptive)

• Nutrient absorption Building tissues - (increase uptake of amino acids and protein production)
• Increased use of glucose as energy - (increased uptake and use of glucose)

• Major energy source
• (Glycolysis breaks down glucose, which breaks down pryuvate to go into the TCA cycle --> glucose production)

Building blocks of body

• Concentrated energy source
• Storage of energy

• Taking the amino group off an amino acid and attaching it to the keto acid (which become an amino acid)
• The new amino acid is ready for protein synthesis
• The origional amino acid become a keto acid and can be broken down inthe TCA cycle

One method of animo acid catabolism (breakdown)

• Removing amino group and hydrogen atom from an amino acid
• Prepares amino acid for breakdown in TCA cycle

A nutrient needed by the body that can not be made by the body

Ex: Cholesterol is not and essential nutrient because (though we need it) the body can make enough for the body to function

• Breaking down glucose
• Occurs in cytosol

Anaerobic (do not need O₂)

C. it is a major energy source

• Water
• Energy
• CO₂

2 carbon units - Acetyl-CoA

• (The three carbon pyruvic acid from glycolysis is turned into the two carbon Acetyl-CoA which enters the TCA cycle)
• 

c. matrix of the mitchondria

NAD, FAD (in thier NADH and FADH₂ forms)

ETS

• They are carried over on FADH2 and NADH and released
• The hydrogen ions are released
• The electrons are passed the coenzymes, losing energy in small steps along the way
• At the end of the cycle, the electrons bind to oxygen, which then combines with H⁺ to form water

End products: ATP and H₂O

phosphorylation

Glucose sparing

• Glyconeogenesis of fat in the liver.
• Body doesn't like to use protein. And it spares the glucose.

Break down fats- for glyconeogenesis when energy reserve must be called upon

E

• Making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (such as amino acids or triglycerides)
• Post-absorptive state

• Breaking down lipids for energy (Lipid catabolism)
• The pieces are converted to pyruvic acid for the TCA cycle

During the post-absorptive state

Formation of lipids (primarily as triglycerides) for storage

• Process of breaking down glycogen to get glucose
• In the post-absorptive state

all of the above

(basically increases uptake and formation of everything - glucose, lipids, amino acids, etc)

C. increase fatty acid catabolism

Increases it