Type of pigment found in red algae and cyanobacteria.
Chloroplast
Organelle in green plants where photosynthesis takes place.
Organelle in green plants where photosynthesis takes place.
Chloroplast
Absorption Spectrum
Plot of amount of light absorbed vs. wavelength
Plot of amount of light absorbed vs. wavelength
Absorption spectrum
Action spectrum
Plot of the rate
of photosynthesis vs. wavelength
Plot of the rate of photosynthesis vs. wavelength
Action spectrum
Which pigments are most effective at driving photosynthesis?
Pigments that absorb blue and red photons
Blue and red photons
Pigments that absorb these are the most effective at driving photosynthesis.
photons
Little packets of light
packets of light
photon
Type of pigment found in red algae and cyanobacteria.
Phycoblin
Carotenoids
Accessory pigments
•Absorb light and pass
the energy on to
chlorophyll
•Extend the range of wavelengths
that can drive photosynthesis
•Protect chlorophyll from damage
•Accessory pigments
•Absorb light and pass
the energy on to
chlorophyll
•Extend the range of wavelengths
that can drive photosynthesis
•Protect chlorophyll from damage
Carotenoids
Excitation
Get dem electrons excited with light!
•electron raised to higher energy
level
–Electron
can then release this energy
Get dem electrons excited with light! •electron raised to higher energylevel–Electroncan then release this energy
Excitation
Photosystem
group
of chlorophyll molecules
Group of chlorophyll molecules
Photosystem
Antenna complex
transfers
energy to reaction center
transfers
energy to reaction center
Antenna complex
Reaction
center
–transfers
electrons to electron acceptor
–transfers
electrons to electron acceptor
Reaction Center
Two photosystems that make up Light Dependent reactions
Photosystem 1 and photosystem 2
fucking creative.
Photosystem 1 and photosystem 2
Photosystems that make up light dependent reactions ( photosystem 2 happens first but was discovered second)
What happens in photosystem 2?
passes
electrons to electron transport chain (ETC)
Electron transport chain moves
protons (H+) into thylakoid lumen
ATP gets made oxygen is made as waste product
protons and electrons are resupplied
passeselectrons to electron transport chain (ETC)Electron transport chain movesprotons (H+) into thylakoid lumen
ATP gets made
Protones and electrons are resupplied
Photosystem 2
Pheophytin
–accepts
electron from reaction center
–passes
electrons to electron transport chain (ETC)
(photosystem 2)
–acceptselectron from reaction center–passeselectrons to electron transport chain (ETC) (photosystem 2)
Pheophytin
ETC (electron transport chain)
•moves protons (H+) into thylakoid lumen
(photosystem 2)
•moves protons (H+) into thylakoid lumen(photosystem 2)
ETC (electron transport Chain)
ATP
synthase
–enzyme
through which protons diffuse
–makes
ATP
(like in mitochondria)
–enzyme
through which protons diffuse
–makes
ATP
(like in mitochondria)
ATP synthase
What happens in photosystem 1?
•Electrons transferred to ETC
Produces NADPH from NADP+
NADPH
Carries electrons
Carries electrons
NADPH
Z scheme
links
photosystems I and II together
links
photosystems I and II together
Z scheme
Plastocyanin
(PC):
•transfers electrons from
Photosystem II to Photosystem I
•transfers electrons from
Photosystem II to Photosystem I
Plastocyanin
(PC)
Calvin Cycle
Occurs in the chloroplast stroma
•Light-independent (but needs ATP and NADPH from
light-dependent reactions)
has 3 steps
•Light-independent (but needs ATP and NADPH fromlight-dependent reactions)has 3 steps
Calvin cycle
3 steps to the calvin cycle
–Fixation
–Reduction
–Regeneration
–Fixation
–Reduction
–Regeneration
Three steps to the calvin cycle
Fixation
calvin cycle step 1
•CO2
added to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
–catalyzed
by enzyme rubisco
Calvin cycle step 1
•CO2
added to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
–catalyzed
by enzyme rubisco
Fixation
Reduction
2nd step in calvin cycle
(G3P) formed
2nd step in calvin cycle(G3P) formed
Reduction
Regeneration
•“extra” G3P used to regenerate RuBP
3rd step in calvin cycle
“extra” G3P used to regenerate RuBP
Regeneration
SUGAR PRODUCTION
G3P converted to glucose and fructose
G3P converted to glucose and fructose
Sugar production
Sucrose
disaccharide of glucose and
fructose
–transported
throughout plant
•disaccharide of glucose and
fructose
–transported
throughout plant
Sucrose
Starch
storage polysaccharide of glucose
storage polysaccharide of glucose
Starch
Photosynthesis
ALTERNATIVES
c3
c4
cam
common in plants in hot dry habitats
c3 c4 cam (common in plants in hot dry habitats)
Photosynthesis alternatives
C3
3 carbon molecule (most studied.. so "normal")
c4
carbon
fixation and Calvin cycle occur in different cells
carbon
fixation and Calvin cycle occur in different cells
c4
3 carbon molecule (most studied or normal)
c3
carbon
fixation and Calvin cycle separated in time