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Ranges of tolerance
-determine where on earth that species may be found, and species with wide ranges of tolerance will be most widely distributed
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Ecological optimum
-refers to the environmental conditions under which a species will prosper
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Heliotropic (Solar-tracking) plants
- -change position during the day to increase/decrease exposure to light
- -Ex. Sunflower
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Phenology
-study of seasonal patterns of plant and animal life
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Phodoperiodism
relationship between phenology and light
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Temperature stress: Decidous plants
-shed their leaves/needles all at the same time
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Temperature stress: Evergreen plants
-replace their leaves/needles gradually
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Seasonal dimorphism
-large leaves at winter and small leaves at summer
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Poikilotherm
- -animal whose temperature varies
- Ex. cold-blooded, fish, reptiles
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Homeotherm
- -animal that maintains stable internal body temperature
- -Ex. warm-blooded mammals
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Hibernation
spending winter in a dormant condition
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Estivation
- spending summer in a dormant condition
- Ex. Crocodile
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Bergmann's Rule
-the body size of the subspecies increases with the decreasing temperature of its habitat
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Allen's Rule
- -animals that live in cold climate have shorter extremities, such as ears, than related species that live in warm climates
- -Ex. artic fox has tiny ears to conserve body heat in a cold environment
- -Ex. desert fox has large ears ,the better to radiate away body heat
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Sclerophyll
a plant with tough leathery evergreen leaves
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adaption to reduce transpiration
small stomata
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Xerophytes
plants adapted to a dry environment
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Succulents
- plants that have enlarged leaves and stems that contain-water holding tissue
- -Ex. Prickly-Pear Cactus
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Hygrophyte
- water tolerant plant that requires a saturated or semisaturated environment
- -Ex. Mangroves
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Hyrophytes
- plants that grow in or under water
- -Ex. Lily
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Stenohaline
- organisms can tolerate small range of salinity change
- -Ex. open-ocean organisms
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Euryhaline
- organisms can tolerate large range of salinity change
- Ex. Coastal-water organisms
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Halophytes
salt tolerant species
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Calciphiles
plants tolerant to calcium limestone
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habitat
an environment where an organism lives
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Ecological Niche
the combination of role and habitat for a particular species
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