A&P lecture

• dorsal body cavity
• ventral body cavity

• cranium-brain
• spinal canal-spinal cord

• thoracic cavity- thorax/chest
• abdominal cavity-abdomen

kidneys, lungs, legs

brain, heart, GI tract

heart, lungs, esophagus, many blood vessels

covers organs in the thorax

covers organs of abdomen 

covers organs

lines entire cavity

• 1. growth
• 2. response to pos&neg stimuli
• 3. seek&absorb food
• 4. eiminate wastes
• 5. reproduction

• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous

intestinal cells

red blood cells

nerve cells

• cover surface of body
• line body cavities
• form glands

lining of mouth, of intestines, of urinary bladder

essential cell of nervous tissue

• nerve cell body
• 2 or more nerve processes (nerve fibers)

process that conducts impulses away from the cell body

process that conducts impulses toward the cell body

• 1. nervous
• 2. circulation (arteries&veins)
• 3. lymphatics

• 1. elastic
• 2. collagenous (white tissue)
• 3. dense regular
• 4. dense irregular
• 5. areolar
• 6. reticular
• 7. adipose
• 8. cartilage
• 9. bone
• 10. blood

• 1. simple squamous epithelium
• 2. cuboidal
• 3. columnar 
• 4. pseudostratified
• 5. stratified squamous
• 6. stratified columnar
• 7. transitional

connective tissue

contraction

• cardiac
• skeletal
• smooth

cardiac & skeletal

smooth

• endocrine system
• nervous system

epithelial 

connective

muscle

nervous

mitotic division of the zygote will proceed to form a cluster of cells known as a morula

morula proceeds to a blastula

• cavity of the blastula
• (formed when uterine fluid diffuses into the spaces between the cells of morula)

as fluid accumulates, it gradually separates the cells into an outer layer of cells called trophoblasts

portion of inner cell mass closest to the trophoblast

portion adjacent to the blastocele

cavity formed dorsal to the epiblast

cover and line other tissues

epithelia that release chemical substances

goblet cells

beta cells

• 1. protects, covers, lines
• 2.filters biochemical substances
• 3.absorb nutrients
• 4.provides sensory input
• 5.manufactures secretions
• 6.manufactures excretions

substances that leave the body (sweat, urine)

substances that remain in the body

• 1. they are polar. have an apical&basal surface
• 2. junctional complexes (attachment areas)
• 3.avascular
• 4.most are innervated 

• tight junction
• gap junction
• spot desmosomes 

impermeable barrier formed that prevents passage of substances from luminal end to basal end and vice versa. 

strong, welded plaque that connects the plasma membranes of adjacent cells.

filaments interlock with one another like velcro.

"anchors" form stabilizing bases for the membrane junction.

• urinary bladder
• digestive tract

tension and stretch areas like;

• skin
• heart
• uterus

tubular channel proteins called connexons, extend from cytoplasm of one cell to cytoplasm of another allowing exchange and passage of ions and nutrients (amino acids&sugars)

• intestinal cells
• heart
• smooth muscle tissues

smooth

(simple squamous to smooth the blood flow)

the intestines

trachea (mucosal but lined with cilia not simple squamous epithelium)

single layer of epithelia

ducts, vessels, passageways

(all have to be smooth=simple)

more than one layer thick

• bottom of feet
• elbows
• knees

• squamous
• cuboidal
• columnar

(stratified may have all 3 or 2 of above)

• cilia
• keratinized

endothelium

causes vessels to dilate resulting in movement of the endothelial cells sliding apart allowing WBC and protein rich plasma to escape into the tissue

endothelium 

simple squamous epithelium lining the body cavities such as mucosa and serosa.

• pleural (chest)
• pericardial (heart)
• peritoneal (abdominal)

simple squamous epithelium that forms the inner lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels.

simple squamous epithelium that lines the brain, eye, and discreet areas.

mesoderm

simple cuboidal epithelium

simple coulmnar epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

transitional 

cell or group of cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion

specialized protein molecules produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. packaged into granules by the Golgi apparatus then discharged from the cell

• 1. presence/absence of ducts (exo/endocrine)
• 2. # of cells that compose them (uni/multicellular)
• 3. shape of secreting ducts (simple/compound)
• 4.complexity of glandular structure (tubular, acinar)
• 5. type of secretion (mucoid/serous)
• 6. manner secretion is stored&discharged (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine)

cell remains intact during secretory process

(pancreas, sweat, salivary glands)

• looses part of the cell.
• cell repairs the damage done due to secretion and repeats.

found in mammary glands

entire secretory cell is lost.

ex: sebaceous glands

do not have ducts.

produce&secrete regulatory chemicals=HORMONES.

secretions distributed throughout body primarily primarily via blood.

• have ducts.
• more common than endocrine.
• act locally& do not enter circulation (musk, sweat, salivary)

goblet cell

interspersed among columnar cells of respiratory and digestive tracts and in conjunctive of eye

secrete mucin (thick mixture of glycoproteins mixed with water to make mucus)

• protects apical surface
• assists with entrapment of foreign particles

• 2 components:
• secretory unit (secretion produced)
• duct (carries secretion to deposition site)

• watery
• high concentration of enzymes

thick, viscous, composed of glycoproteins

• mucous membranes
• serous membranes

• mucosae
• line cavities open to outside

(digestive, respiratory, urinary)

• serosae
• not open to outside

(pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)

lining the thorax

lining the abdomen

• 1. papule
• 2. pustule
• 3. vesicle
• 4. wheal
• 5. nodule
• 6. tumor

• 1. scales
• 2. hyperpigmentation
• 3. comedones
• 4. epidermal collarette
• 5. erosion
• 6. ulcer
• 7. lichenification 

• extracellular fibers
• ground substance
• cells

• blood
• tendon
• fat
• cartilage
• bone

medium through which cells exchange nutrients and waste within the bloodstream

made of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

amorphous (no definite form)

• collagenous
• reticular
• elastic

collagenous fibers

• strong, thick strands
• composed of the structural protein collagen

found in tendon and ligaments that are continually being pulled&stretched

"white fibers"

• thin, delicate, branched 
• composed of collagen but

provide support for highly cellular organs such as: endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver

"net"

• can stretch and contract
• composed of protein elastin

in tissues that are commonly subjected to stretching: vocal cords, lungs, skin, walls of blood vessels

"yellow fibers"

• fixed cells
• transient cells

• fibroblast
• chondroblast
• osteoblast
• adipocytes
• reticular cells

fibroblast- large irregularly shaped cells that make and secrete fibers and ground substance characteristic of their particular matrix

they adopt the suffix "cyte"

(fibrocyte)

• adipose cells
• adipocytes

cluster into groups become adipose tissue

flat, forming netlike connections through out the tissue the compose

involved in the immune response

• leukocytes
• mast cells
• macrophages (monocytes)

perivascular connective tissue.

may be of monocytic or basophilic origin.

elaborate granules of histamine, heparin, & serotonin. (identified by dark staining granules in cytoplasm)

• kupffer cells
• histocytes
• microglial cells

process where WBC squeeze through the spaces between simple squamous epithelial cells of the capillaries to enter the surrounding tissue.

utilized most commonly by neutrophils (phagocytizing bacteria) first followed by the lymphocytes later

• initiate an inflammatory response when released into the tissue
• release histamine&heparin

promotes dilation of vessels increasing diapedesis

prevents blood from clotting and ensures the pathway for blood flow remains open.

kupffer cell

microglial cell

histocytes

monocyte

• connective tissue proper
• specialized connective tissue

• 1. loose connective tissue
• 2. dense connective tissue

• areolar
• adipose
• reticular

• dense regular
• dense irregular
• elastic

• loose connective tissue
• most common type of connective tissue
• found everywhere in body
• forms SQ layer that connects skin to muscle

in trauma, the spaces in areolar tissue can fill with an excessive amount of body fluid

around the heart

• fat
• big space occupiers
• highly vascularized-important energy store
• thermal insulator 

plays an important role in temp. regulation b/c it is a site of heat production

found in newborns and animals that hibernate during winter

"slow release"

found throughout the body, particularly in deep layers of skin

reticular connective tissue

reticular connective tissue

fibroblast

very dense&strong

constitutes the framework of liver, spleen, lymph node, and bone marrow

densely packed arrangement of collagen fibers

closed tight, no vacuoles or open spaces

• dense regular
• dense irregular
• elastic

dense regular

dense irregular

elastic fibers

in the neck of horse, high concentration of elastic fibers makes it extremely flexible allowing horses to lower their heads for long periods of time while grazing

• cartilage
• bone
• blood

• hyaline
• elastic
• fibrous or fibrocartilage 

hyaline

cartilage

hollowed out pockets in the matrix

it is avascular.

epiphyseal plates

• external ear (pinnae)
• epiglottis

• intervertebral disks
• between bones in os coxae
• stifle joint (meniscus)

hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue

vascularized

specialized matrix:combination of organic collagen fibers and inorganic calcium salts, such as calcium phosphate&calcium carbonate

• Thromboplastin converts Prothrombin to Thrombrim.
• Thrombrim acts as a catalyst helping the reaction between Fibrinogen to Fibrin.
• Fibrin is sticky and attracts Thrombocytes forming a clot. 

• thromboplastin
• prothrombin
• fibrinogen
• thrombocytes

liquid component of blood.

• erythrocytes (RBC)
• leukocytes (WBC)
• thrombocytes (platelets) 

thin, protective layers that line body cavities, separate organs, and cover surfaces.

• mucous
• serous
• cutaneous
• synovial

• digestive
• respiratory
• mouth

• pleural
• peritoneal

skin

in joints

• watery, thin, clear
• low specific gravity

(serous)

• thick
• high specific gravity

(when cells, protein, and other solid material mix with serous fluid it becomes denser than a transudate and is called exudate)

(mucosa)

blood in the thorax

when an abnormally large amount of fluid enters a body cavity, the fluid is known as an effusion.

(a lot of high specific gravity fluid that should not be there)

another name for visceral pericardium (lining of the heart)

yellow breakdown product of hemoglobin (formed in the liver)

supportive ligaments that secure organs to the body wall

mesentery that connects the duodenum to the abdominal wall.

mesentery that connects the stomach to the abdominal wall

attaches the uterus to the wall

integument or skin.

composed of outer layer of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium or epidermis.

• line the cavities of joints
• have no epithelium
• composed exclusively of connective tissue
• manufacture synovial fluid that fills the joint spaces and with hyaline cartilage reduces friction and abrasion at ends of long bones

• Actin
• Myosin

• voluntary 
• striated

• -numerous large cells may be up to a foot or more in length
• -responsible for ability to walk, run, kick, bite, facial expressions

(muscle we like to eat!)

• involuntary
• striated

-cells are connected to each other by intercalated disk

• involuntary
• non-striated

-found in hollow organs such as blood vessels, urinary bladder, uterus, intestines, stomach

smooth muscle

1.serosa-outer epithelial layer (visceral peritoneum)

2. muscle layer- (2) longitudinal and circular (like screen door)

3.sub-mucosa- nerves, blood, matrix

4. mucosa- inner layer (apical)

receive and transmit electrical and chemical signals through out the body

-found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

• neurons (transmit impulse)
• neuroglial cells (support neurons-found in greater numbers)

neurons

• perikaryon (stroma)- cell body
• dendrites- short cytoplasmic extension
• axon- long single extension of cytoplasm

body's attempt to limit damage caused by the injury, to isolate the area, and to prevent further damage.

• organization of granulation tissue
• regeneration of lost tissue or scar formation

• 1. heat
• 2. redness
• 3. pain
• 4. swelling
• 5. loss of function

vasodilation and reduced cardiac output

• kidney
• liver

• egg
• zygote
• embryo
• fetus
• newborn

ossification occurs

increase surface area

make sure air to lungs is as pure as possible

dilation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure

swelling of tissue (plasma moved out of simple squamous epithelium) 

ducts

length of gastrointestinal tract

• found all over body
• secrete enzymes
• random
• more commonly seen in columnar
• never in squamous

regions subject to mechanical and chemical stresses (mouth)

cuboidal cells form the base

primarily along large excretory ducts (sweat, mammary, salivary glands)

most ciliated and found in respiratory tract

cavity

dissolves fat

produces digestive enzymes for proteins, fats, carbs.

• pancreatic amylase-break down starches
• pancreatic lipase-breaks down fats
• trypsinogen-breaks down proteins

islet of langerhans secrete glucagon and insulin

elastic

• neutrophils-gobble cells
• macrophage/monocytes-gobble bigger

lymphocytes

• 1. compensatory (vasoconstriction)
• 2. progressive (vasodilation)
• 3.irreversible 

• only time digestive tract will absorb. 
• simple squamous open to allow large protein molecules like antibodies (not matured. matured-expand&gaps get smaller)

• thelium=location
• derm=forming of tissue

veins

(30 % in arteries)

platelets

• minerals
• mixed with water=electrolytes
• ash

lymphatic fluid (chyle) accumulating in the pleural cavity 

(type of pleural effusion)

• non striated
• & involuntary (cannot speed up food)

suffix meaning outer coating

osteoblasts

• hemothorax (blood in thorax)
• chylothorax (lymphatic fluid in pleural)

lamina propia

adipose tissue

simple squamous epithelium then enveloped by areolar tissue

skin forms primary union w/out the formation of granulation tissue or scar formation

• *both edges back together
• little to no scar

edges separated from one other, in which granulation tissue forms to close the gap

line of scar

occurs more slowly than second because larger, more extensive wounds (gaps) involved

tie off

fascia

• skin
• areolar tissue
• adipose tissue
• muscle
• peritoneum
• -->surgery<--

epidermal

mass of horny keratin

• horns-grow continuously, not sex specific, epidermal in origin
• antlers-shed annually, sex specific, dermal in origin, lack central core/internal blood supply

"dehorned"

dominant gene

(sheep, goats, cattle)

composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium , it is the outermost layer of the skin.

the process by which white blood cells leave the blood vessel and enter tissue by squeezing through the tiny spaces between the cels lining the blood vessel walls.

dense regular

(tendons, ligaments)

dense irregular

• 1. fleas
• 2. sarcoptic mange
• 3. food allergies
• 4. atopy (inhaled allergies)
• 5. hyperthyroidism

dendrites

• 1. injury
• 2. inflammation
• 3. organization
• 4. regeneration or fibrosis

granulation tissue

blood vessels dilate and become more permeable 

fluid leaks into the tissue from dilated capillaries

scab

pressure of fluid on nerve endings

granulation tissue forms below the scab. fibroblasts lay down collagen fibers while macrophages engulf foreign debris and invading microorganisms. 

epithelial cells around wound edges proliferate (increase rapidly in numbers) and cover granulation tissue. scab is pushed off. granulation tissue becomes fibrous scar tissue which contracts and pulls wound edges together.

neutrophils and macrophages (monocytes)

beneath the overlaying blood clot or scab

a layer of collagen fibers that has been manufactured by fibroblasts.

bacterium inhibiting substances, which make it highly resistant to infection

granulation tissue becomes too thick and stands out above the epithelial layer 

while organization is occurring, epithelial cells around the wound edges actively divide to lay down a new layer of epithelial tissue over the granulation tissue.

scar tissue

first, second, third intention 

areolar and adipose tissue

pump blood

move the bones and generate heat

• skeletal- long, thin fiber
• cardiac- branched
• smooth-spindle

• skeletal-multiple
• cardiac-single
• smooth-single

YES.