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symptom
subjective sensation that the person feels from the disorder
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sign
objective abnormality that you as the examiner could detect on physical examination or in lab reports
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PQRST
- p=provacative or palliative (what brings it on, what makes it better, worse?)
- q=quality or quantity
- r=region or radiation
- s=severity scale
- t=timing (onset, duration, frequency)
- u= understand the patients perception
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genogram
a graphic family tree that uses symbols to depict the gender, relationship, and age of immediate blood related relatives in at lease 3 generations (grandparents, siblings, parents)
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self esteem/self concept
education, financial status, value belief system
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biographical data
name, nickname, address, phone #, patients names and #'s, age, dob, birth place, gender, race, ethnic origin, info about home
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source of history
- -person providing info and relation to child
- -your impression of the reliability of info
- -any special circumstances (interpreter)
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nutritional history
the younger the child the more detailed and specific the data should be.
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HEEADSSS for adolescents
- H=home environment
- E=education and employment
- E=eating
- A=activities drugs
- S=sexuality
- S=suicide or depression
- S=safety from injury or violence
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mental disorder
- apparent when a persons response is much greater than the expected reaction to a traumatic life event
- -a significant behavioral or psychological pattern that is associated with distress or disability
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organic disorder
die to brain disease of known specific organ cause
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psychiatric mental illness
organic etiology has not yet been established ex. anxiety disorder
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assessment of mental status includes:
consciousness, language, mood and affect, orientation, attention, memory, abstract reasoning, thought process, thought content, perceptions
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aging adult
- -thought process is delayed and response time is slower
- -recent memory is decreased
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4 main categories of a mental exam
appearance, behavior, cognition, and thought processes
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4 unrelated works test
- persons ability to lay down new memories.
- -ask 10 and 30 minutes later the 4 words to see how memory works
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judgement
when she or he can compare and evaluate the alternatives in a situation and reach an appropriate course of action
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perceptions
consistently aware of reality
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GAD-7 test
anxiety and depression score of 0-6 (0 being no anxiety)
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mini mental exam
standard set of 11 questions (memory, orientation, time and place, naming, reading, copying, visuospatial orientation, writing, ability to follow a three state command)
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mental exam for children, what is the main problem
omission, the child does not achieve a milestone you would expect
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denver II screening
test that gives you a chance to interact directly with the young child to assess mental status. designed to detect developmental delays in infants and preschoolers within 4 functions: gross motor, language, fine motor, personal social skills. 125 items arranged in chronological order
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behavioral checklist
- age 7-11, who have grown beyond the age of developmental milestones. can be given to the parent along with history
- 5 major areas- mood, play, school, friends and family reactions
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mini cog
- cognitive impairment tool for older adults
- 3- item recall test and clock drawing test
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dysphonia
- -voice disorder
- -difficulty or discomfort in talking, with abnormal pitch or volume due to laryngeal disease. voice sounds hoarse or whispered, but articulation and language are intact
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dysarthria
- -articulation disorder
- -distorted speech sounds, speech may sound unintelligible, basic language, intact
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aphasia
-true language disturbance, defect in word choice and grammar or defect in comprehension, defect is in higher integrative language processing
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4 most common anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, ptsd
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global aphasia
spontaneous speech is absent or reduced to a few stereotyped words or sounds, comprehension is absent or reduced to only the persons own name and a few select words, repetition, reading and writing are severely impaired, caused by a large lesion that damages most of language areas
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brocas aphasia
expressive aphasia, person can understand language but cannot express himself or herself using language
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wernickes aphasia
receptive aphasia, opposite of brocas, person can hear sounds and words but cannot relate them to previous experiences, speech can totally be incomprehensibile
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elation
joy and optimism, overconfidence
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euphoria
excessive well being, cheerful and elated
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ambivalence
existence of opposing emotions toward an idea object or person
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lability
rapid shift of emotion
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inappropriate effect
affect clearly discordant with the content of the persons speech
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blocking
sudden interruption in train of thought, unable to complete a sentence
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confabulation
fabricates events to fill in memory gaps
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neologism
coining a new word, invented word has no real meaning except for the person
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circumlocution
round about expression, substituting a phrase when cannot think of name of object
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circumstantiality
talks with excessive and unnecessary detail, delays reaching point
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loosening associations
shifting from one topic to an unrelated topic
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flight of ideas
abrupt change, rapid skipping from topic to topic
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word salad
incoherent mixture of words, phrases, and sentences, illogical, disconnected, includes neologisms
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perseveration
persistent repeating of verbal or motor response, even with varied stimuli
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echolalia
imitation, repeats others words or phrases, often with mumbling mocking or mechanical tone
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clanging
word choice based on sound, not meaning includes nonsense rhymes and puns
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phobia
strong, persistent irrational fear of an object or situation
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hypochondriasis
morbid worrying about his or her own health, feels sick with no actual basis for that assumption
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obsession
unwanted, persistent thought or impulses
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compulsion
unwanted repetitive, purposeful act, driven to do it
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delusions
firm, fixed false beliefs, irrational
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hallucinations
sensory perceptions for which there are no external stimuli
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illusion
misperception of an actual existing stimulus
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schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized, negative symptions
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AUDIT
- detects less severe alcohol problems as well as alcohol abuse or dependence
- covers 3 topics: alcohol consumption, drinking behavior or dependence, and adverse consequences
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CAGE
- cutdown, annoyed, guilty, eye opener.
- yes/no questions
- tests for lifetime alcohol abuse and or dependence but does not establish past problem drinking with present drinking
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TWEAK
- identify at risk drinking in women, especially pregnant women
- tolerance, worry, eye opener, amnesia, kut down
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SMAST-G
- for older adults who report social or regular drinking of any amount of alcohol.
- 10 yes/ no questions
- low risk is 0 or 1 point
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GTT
drinking raises GTT, takes 4-5 weeks for levels to return to normal
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AST
months of chronic drinking increases this
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MCV
heavy alcohol drinking 4-8 weeks
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physical exam
inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation
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inspection
general survey
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amplitude
intensity-loud or soft
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pitch
frequency-# of vibrations per sec
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general survey
appearance, body structure, mobility, behavior
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mean arteriole pressure
pressure forcing blood into the tissues, averaged over the cardiac cycle
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hypopituitary dwarfism
dificiency in growth hormone in childhood results in retardation of growth below the 3rd percentile, delayed puberty, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency.
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gigantism
excessive secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary resulting in overgrowth of entire body
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acromegaly (hyperpituitarism)
excessive secretion of growth hormone in adulthood, after normal completion of growth, causes overgrowth of bone in face, head, hands and feet, no change in height
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marfan syndrome
connective tissue disorder, tall thin stature, long thin fingers, flexible joints, arm span greater than height
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