Chem II Exam 5

the branch of chemistry dealing with compounds produced by living organisms

involves all the chemical processes of the body that occur in health and disease

derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols containing an aldehyde or a ketone group (carbonyl group)

compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

name ending is -ose

carbohydrate with an aldehyde group (carbonyl group at end of chain)

carbohydrate with a ketone group (carbonyl group on inner carbon)

starches, sugar, cellulose, glycogen

the simplest of carbohydrates

these are the building blocks of carbohydrates

those monosaccharides that are most important to humans

they contain six carbons

these are isomers of C₆H₁₂O₆

dextrose, grape sugar, blood sugar

levulose, fruit sugar

nerve & brain tissue

two saccharide groups

formula - C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
(2 monosaccharides - H₂O)

cane sugar, table sugar

sucrose is made up of

sucrose upon hydrolysis will yield

malt sugar

maltose is made up of

maltose upon hydrolysis will yield

milk sugar

lactose is made up of

lactose upon hydrolysis will yield

many saccharide groups

the most complex of all carbohydrates

glucose, fructose, & galactose

sucrose, maltose, & lactose

starch, glycogen, & cellulose

found in plants such as tubers (root) and grains

the most important polysaccharide to man

upon complete hydrolysis these will yield glucose molecules

found as a stored polysaccharide in the liver of man and other animals

this is how our bodies store sugars for later use

found in the make-up of many plants

it is not digestible by the human digestive tract so it serves only as a bulking agent

splitting apart by water

end products of carbohydrate hydrolysis

cannot be further hydrolized

animal metabolism of carbohydrates

end products are carbon dioxide & water

the chief source of body energy is the metabolism of carbs

carbohydrates yield

the opposite of photosynthesis

the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide, water and solar energy into carbohydrates and oxygen with the presence of the catalyst chlorophyll

the anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates through the action of enzymes produced by microorganisms

glyceryl esters of fatty acids

esters of glycerol and fatty acids

sometimes called glycerides

required elements are the same as carbohydrates - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

required elements are the same as carbohydrates
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- may also contain nitrogen and phosphorus

composition of lipids/fats/oils

combined together through esterification (process of making an ester)

they are carboxylic acids R^x-COOH

if the R^x (carbon chain) is saturated then the lipid is a fat

if the Rx (carbon chain) is unsaturated then the lipid is an oil

examples of oils

end products are carbon dioxide, water, & energy

lipids are superior to carbohydrates as a source of energy

they yield 9 calories per gram

may be stored in the body in unlimited quantities

serve to prevent dehydration of body cells

serve to insulate the body in terms of heat

serve to "cushion" certain body organs

end products are glycerol & fatty acids

the alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or oil

the natural process of body decomposition

the alkaline substance used is usually NaOH

the end products of saponification are

the product formed when an alkali such as NaOH reacts with a fatty acid

when there are calcium containing compounds present at saponification, the end products include

the product formed from the saponification of fatty acids in the dead human body by calcium containing compounds

a compound that is wax like in appearance but is chemically more like a soap

a compound whose hydrolytic products are fatty acids and slcohols

a lipid whose hydrolytic products are fatty acids, an alcohol, and some other ompound

lipids that are esters of fatty acids and high molecular weight alcohols other than glycerol

these are the fundamental constituents of all living matter

the building blocks of living things

the most complex of the organic compounds, they have extremely large and complex structures

required elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, & nitrogen

but may also contain sulfur, phosphorus, iodine, iron

made up of amino acids

organic or carboxilic acids containing nitrogen

these are the building blocks of proteins

examples of amino acids

long chains of amino acids are known as proteins or polypeptides

growth of new cells

maintenance of existing cells

synthesis (production) of enzymes

synthesis (production) of hormones

production of protein components of the blood (such as hemoglobin)

proteins possess the characteristics of both an acid and a base

this allows them to act as buffers in body metabolism when in solution

maintains pH balance

anything that resists change in pH

the method by which amino acids are connected to one another

occurs by the dehydration between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of one amino acid and the amino group (-NH₂) of another amino acid

long chains of amino acids

proteins and amino acids have the same properties

the ability to absorb water

this can lead to the swelling and softening of tissues and organs as a result of the proteins absorbing water from adjacent sources

end products are amino acids

end products are carbon dioxide, water, nitrogenous wastes

urea, ammonium salts

the conversion of complex substances into simpler compounds

the destructive aspect of metabolism

an example is digestion

the processes that build complex substances from simpler compounds

the constructive aspects of metabolism

the storing of glycogen in the liver

2 processes that occur in the metabolism of proteins

the process by which the amino group is removed from an amino acid as part of the catabolism (breakdown) of amino acids

the amino group removed by this process is converted by the liver into ammonium salts and urea which are highly soluble and may be excreted by the kidneys in urine

the simple removal of the carboxyl group from an amino acid as part of the catabolism of amino acids

this process leads to the formation of the carbon dioxide and water

these 2 processes occur simultaneously during putrefaction

decomposition of proteins

anaerobic oxydation of proteins by bacteria

end products of putrefaction

formaldehyde reacts with proteins at the _____ bond to denature them

the disruption and breakdown of the secondary structure of a protein by heat or chemicals

the effect of formaldehyde on the ____________ ____________ of proteins causes the proteins to coagulate and to become firm

the process of forming the insoluble state of a protein by heating or contact with a chemical such as an alcohol or an aldehyde

formaldehyde acts as a ____________ by retarding the decomposition of proteins in a dead human body

the ________________ of proteins in a living body is a toxic reaction

____ ___________ ________ _ ______renders the protein useless as a food source to bacteria

aids in preserving body proteins

the breaking apart of the peptide linkages to form amino acids

if the decomposition of the body proteins has already begun ____?

the reason for a higher formaldehyde demand on decomposing bodies

Why should embalming of a dead body be performed as soon as possible?

proteins that act as biological catalysts

alters the speed of a chemical reaction

the substance upon which an enzyme will act

each enzyme will act upon only one given substrate

enzyme suffixes

carbohydrate enzyme

protein enzyme

lipid & fat enzyme

enzymes that help the human body to self digest as a part of decomposition

self digestion of the body as a part of decomposition