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motivation
- - need/desire that energizes and directs behavior
- - without it, learning doesn't occur
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primary drives
(food?) hunger, thirst, need to sleep, need to reproduce
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secondary drives
(money?) social acceptance
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instincts
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned through a species and is unlearned
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Olds and Milner
- - noticed interaction between brain and motivation
- - experiment: rats
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drive-reduction theory/homeostatic regulation
- - physicological need that creates an arousal tension state
- - motivates an organism to satisfy the need
- - when there is physical imbalance, need to tend the balance
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arousal theory (include law)
- - curiosity
- - we are constantly seeking an optimal level of arousal
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opponent process theory of motivation
- - the ups and downs trying to regulate and balance emotions
- -bad: people can overcompensate and cane making things worse
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incentive theory
- - a positive of negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
- - behavior is pulled by desire of incentives
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Konrad Lorenz
- -discovered imprinting
- - animals imprint on first thing they see as their mother
- - humans have instincts but not as primal
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Henry Murray
- discovered that an individual is motivated differently in varying environments
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David McClelland
- - focused on motivation of achievement found that everyone has different levels of achievement
- - people who are high achievers, choose challenging tasks
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Maslow's hierachy of needs (pyramid)
- - pyramid
- - first be satisfised before higer level
- - some motives are more compelling than others
- -1.physicological
- 2. safety
- 3. love&belonging
- 4. esteem
- 5. self-actualization
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intrinsic v. extrinsic motivation (how are self-determination and self-efficacy affected)
- - motivation from one's own interest
- - self determination: need to feel competent and in control
- - self efficacy: the belief that you can or cannot attain a certain goal
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Kurt Lewin's Conflict Motivation Theory
- - studied conflict motivation
- - 1. approach-approach decide b/w 2 desirable things
- 2. avoidance-avoidance-decide b/w 2 unpleasant things
- 3. approach-avoidance- one choice but it has both positive/negative consequence
- 4. multiple approach-avoidance: many options have positive/negative
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hunger
- - our most basic drive
- - if not satisfied, nothing else matters involves biological, pyschological, and social factors
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glucose (how insulin involved)
- - form of sugar
- - source of energy
- - when its level is low, we feel hunger
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hypothalamus
- - part of brain
- - regulates the body's weight influences feelings of hunger and society
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lateral hypothalamus (LH)
- - part of brain that causes an animal to eat
- - if damaged, they can starve to death
- - won't happen to humans
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ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
- - depresses hunger
- - causes animals to stop eating
- - if damaged, keep eating
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leptin
- - secreted by fat cells
- - tells brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
- - regulates hormones
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ghrelin
- - hormone secreted by empty stomach
- -"i'm hungry" signals to brain
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orexin
- - secreted by hypothalamus
- - makes you hungry
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PYY
- - hormone that suppresses appetite
- - comes from digestive tract
- - "i'm not hungry"
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set point
- - weight thermostat is supposively set
- - a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore lose weight
- - body's optimum weight
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basal metabolic rate
- - body's resting rate of energy expenditure
- - different for everyone
- - fast/slow metabolism
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anorexia nervosa
- - eating disorder
- - normal weight person acts and becomes significantly underweight and still feel fat
- - continue to lose weight
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bulimia nervosa
- - eating disorder where they overeat
- - followed by vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise
- - "binge-purge"
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obesity
- - to be consider obese, must be severely overweight
- - at least over 100 lbs of optimum weight
- - can be genetic
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