Define anatomy and explain the importance of understanding the relationship between structure and function.
Anatomy is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body. Anatomy examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.The structure of body parts allows them to perform specific function.
Define physiology and state two major goals of physiology.
Physiology is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things. The major goals of physiology are (1) to understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli, and (2) to understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a continually changing environment
Describe 6 different ways or levels at which anatomy and physiology can be considered.
Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by systems. Regional anatomy is the study of the organization of the body by areas. Surface anatomy is the study of external features which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures. Human physiology is the study of a specific organism (human). Cellular physiology emphasizes the study of cells. Systemic physiology emphasizes the study of systems.
From smallest to largest, list and define the body's six levels of organization.
1. Chemical (interactions between atoms)
2. Cellular (contain organelles)
3. Tissue (groups of similar cells and the material surrounding them)
4. Organ (two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions)
5. Organ System (a group of organs classified as a unity because of a common function or set of functions)
6. Organism (any living thing considered as a whole)
What are the 4 primary tissue types?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Which two organ systems are responsible for regulating the other organ systems?
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Which two organ systems are responsible for support and movement?
Muscular system
Skeletal system
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Provides protection, regulates temperature, reduces water loss, and produces vitamin D precursors. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
What is the the function of the muscular system?
Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
What is the function of the nervous system?
A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
What is the function of the endocrine system?
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and transports fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
What is the function of the digestive system?
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
What is the function of the urinary system?
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures.
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.
Describe 6 characteristics of life.
Organization is the condition in which that parts of an organism have specific relationships to each other and the parts interact to perform specific functions.
Metabolism is all of the chemical and physical changes taking place in an organism.
Responsiveness is the ability of an organism to sense changes in its external or internal environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life.
Growth results as an increase in the size of all or part of an organism.
Development includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death.
Reproduction is the the formation of new cells or new organisms.
Why is it important to realize that humans share many, but not all, characteristics with other animals?
Much of the knowledge about humans has come from studying other organisms. Because other organisms are also different from humans, the ultimate answers to questions about humans can be obtained only from humans.
Define homeostasis, variable, set point, and normal range of values.
Homeostasis is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
Variable values that can change
Set Point is an ideal normal value
Normal Range is slight variation (above or below) the set point
If a deviation from homeostasis occurs, what mechanism restores it?
Negative feedback
What are 3 components of many negative-feedback mechanisms? How do they maintain homeostasis?
Receptor monitors the value of a variable. Control center receives information about he variable from receptor. Effector produces responses that change the value of a variable.
The receptor detects if there is a change from the normal range of values. The control center receives this information and the effector produces responses to bring it back to normal.
Define positive feedback.
when a value deviates from normal, the system's response makes the deviation even greater
Why are positive feedback mechanisms often harmful? Give an example of a harmful and a beneficial positive feedback mechanism.
Positive feedback creates a cycle leading away from homeostasis and sometimes results in death
Harmful: inadequate delivery of blood to heart
Beneficial: childbirth
What is the anatomical position in humans? Why is it important?
A person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs handing to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.
The position of the body can affect the description of the body parts relative to each other.
Define supine and prone.
Supine is laying on your back. Prone is laying on your belly, face down.
List two terms that in humans indicate toward the head. List two terms that mean the opposite.
Superior, cephalic
Inferior, caudal
List two terms that indicate the back in humans. What two terms mean the front?
Posterior, dorsal
Anterior, ventral
Define the following terms, and give the word that means the opposite.
Proximal means nearest; distal (distant)
Lateral means away from the mid-line; medial (toward the mid-line)
Superficial refers to the structure close to the surface of the body; deep (toward interior of body)
What is the difference between the arm and the upper limb? Between the leg and the lower limb?
The upper limb includes the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow.
The lower limb includes the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. The leg extends from the knee to the ankle.
Describe the quadrant and nine-region methods of subdividing the abdominal region. What is the purpose of these subdivisions.
Quadrants; one horizontal line and one vertical line, intersecting at the naval. Includes right-upper, left-upper, right-lower, left-lower.
Nine-region; two horizontal lines and two vertical lines. Includes epigastric, right and left hypochondriac, umbilical, right and left lumbar, hypogastric, and right and left iliac.
These regions makes it easier to identify pain and locations of organs.
Describe the 3 planes of the body.
Sagittal (runs vertically through body and separates into right and left); transverse (runs parallel to the surface of the ground and separates into superior and inferior); frontal (runs vertically from right to left and separates anterior and posterior)
What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
What structure divides the thoracic cavity into right and left parts?
Mediastinum
Physiology
A. deals with the processes or functions of living things
The following are organizational levels for considering the body. (1) cell, (2) chemical, (3) organ, (4) organ system, (5) organism, (6) tissue. Choose the correct order for these organizational levels, from smallest to largest.
2 1 6 3 4 5
The endocrine system
C. regulates other organ systems
The integumentary system
E. regulates temperature; reduces water loss; provides protection
The lymphatic system
D. removes foreign substances from the blood; combats disease; maintains tissue fluid balance
The muscular system
D. produces movement; maintains posture; produces body heat
The nervous system
B. regulates other organ systems
The urinary system
D. removes waste products from the blood; maintains water balance
The characteristics of life that is defined as "all of the chemical and physical changes taking place in an organism" is
A. metabolism
Negative-feedback mechanisms
D. all of the above
The following events are part of a negative-feedback mechanism: (1) blood pressure increases, (2) the control center compares actual blood pressure to the blood pressure set point, (3) the heart beats faster, (4) receptors detect a decrease in blood pressure
Choose the arrangement that lists the events in the order that they occur
4 2 3 1
Which of these statements concerning positive feedback is correct?
A. birth is an example of a normally occurring positive feedback mechanism
The clavicle (collarbone) is _______ to the nipple of the breast
B. distal
The term that means nearer to the attached end of the limb is
B. proximal
Which of these directional terms are paired most appropriately as opposites?
C. superficial and deep
The part of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist is called the
E. forearm
A patient with appendicitis usually has pain in the _________ quadrant of the abdomen
A. R lower
A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is a
B. frontal (coronal) plane
The pelvic cavity contains the
B. urinary bladder
The lungs are
C. found within the thoracic cavity
Given the following characteristics: (1) reduce friction between organs, (2) line fluid-filled cavities, (3) line trunk cavities that open to the exterior of the body, which of the characteristics describe serous membranes?
1 2
Given the following organ and cavity combinations: (1) heart and pericardial cavity, (2) lungs and pleural cavity, (3) stomach and peritoneal cavity, (4) kidney and peritoneal cavity, which of the organs is correctly paired with a space that surrounds that organ?
1 2 3
Which of the following membrane combinations are found on the surface of the diaphragm?
A. parietal pleura -- parietal peritoneum
Mesenteries
B. consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together
Which of the following organs is not retroperitoneal?
A. stomach
The study of cells is called
B. cytology
The study of tissues is called
D. histology
The study of specific organ system function is called
C. system phyiology
The branch of physiology that studies functions modified by disease is called
A. pathology
Support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, and blood formation are functions of which system?
E. skeletal
Locomotion, support of internal organs, and heat production are the function of which system?
D. muscular
The internal transport of blood and dissolved substances is the function of which system?
C. cardiovascular
The kidneys and urinary bladder are components of which system?
D. urinary
The pituitary and thyroid glands are components of which system?
B. endocrine
Defense against infection and disease is a function of which system?
E. lymphatic
Skin, hair, and nails are associated with which system?
D. integumentary
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in an organism is termed
C. homeostasis
When body temperature rises, a center is the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body's temperature. This regulation mechanism is an example of
E. negative feedback
The increasingly forceful labor contractions that lead to childbirth are an example of this type of mechanism
C. positive feedback
Which of the following tissues would be the most radio-dense?
E. bone
Cells are considered the smallest units of life because
C. cells are composed of organelles, each of which is responsible for a particular "life-giving" function
A chemical imbalance in a heart muscle cell can cause the heart to cease pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that
E. all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent
Each of the following is an example of negative feedback except one. Identify the exception
E. a rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus
In dealing with physiology, function is related to its
B. form
Isotopes of an element differ in the number of
E. neutrons in the nucleus
The atomic number represents the number of
B. protons in an atom
All atoms with the same atomic number are grouped into
B. elements
The atomic weight of an element indicates the average number of
E. protons and neutrons in the nucleus
The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the
E. number of arrangements of electrons
Ions with a positive charge are called
C. cations
Ionic bonds are formed when
E. cations and anions are held together by their opposite charges
In a molecule of nitrogen, three pairs of electrons are shared by two nitrogen atoms. The type of bond that is formed would be an example of a
B. triple covalent
If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, this type of bond occurs
E. polar covalent
Chemical reactions that require an input of energy exceeding that released, such as the addition of heat, are said to be
E. endergonic
Which of the following substances would be least acidic?
A. urine, pH 6
If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is
B. alkaline
An important buffer in body fluids is
D. NaHCO2 (sodium bicarbonate)
A polysaccharide that is formed in the liver and muscle to store glucose is
B. glycogen
The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a
D. carbohydrate
A fatty acid that contains three double covalent bonds in its carbon chain is said to be
E. polyunsaturated
The most common fat found in the human body is in the form of
A. triglycerides
You would expect to find a peptide bond linking
C. one amino acid to an amino group of another
When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis
A. a disaccharide is formed
An unstable isotope that emits subatomic particles spontaneously is called
D. a radioisotope
Author
kdavenport16
ID
197732
Card Set
BIO 208 Flashcards
Description
All sorts of questions/flashcards for anatomy and physiology (BIO 208)
