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What makes an animal a primate?
- 1. Features of hand & feet
- -Opposable thumb and big toe
- -grasping hands
- -sensitive finger tips
- -hindlimb dominance
- 2. Features of sensory organs
- -highly developed vision
- -large eyes, increasing frontation
- 3. Features of life history
- -small liters
- -long pregnancy
- -long juvenile period
- -long maternal care period
- 4. Large Brain
- 5. Most live in groups
- 6. Reduced number of teeth
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Prosimians
- -Most primitive primates
- -Most are solitary
- -some retain claws
- -some have acute sense of smell
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Prosimians divided into two groups:
- 1. Lorises
- -Africa & Asia
- -nocturnal
- -small
- -solitary
- -eat fruit, gum, insects
- 2. Lemurs
- -only on Madagascar
- -nocturnal/diurnal/cathermeral
- -variable in size
- -variable in social organization
- -variable in diet
- -female dominance common
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Lorises come in two varieties
- -Fast and slow
- -Galagos are fast
- -Lorises are slow
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Example of lemur
- 1. Ring-tail lemur
- 2. Dwarf lemur
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Anthropoids
- 1.New World Monkeys
- 2. Old World Monkeys and Apes
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New World Monkeys
- • Mexico, Central & South America
- • Small-bodied species
- • Cooperative
- • Prehensile Tails: able to grasp and hold on objects
- • Mainly diurnal
- • Mainly arboreal
- • Mainly in tropical forests
- • Mainly quadrupedal
- • Dental formula: 2:1:3:3
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Old World Monkeys & Apes
- • Africa & Asia
- • All diurnal
- • Some arboreal, some terrestial
- • Broad habitat range
- • Mainly quadrupedal
- • Dental formula 2:1:2:3
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Example of New World Monkeys
1. Owl monkey
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The two major groups of New World monkeys
- 1. cebids
- 2. callitrichids
- -claw-like nails
- -one few molar
- -polyandrous setting: many males and one female
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The two major groups of Old World monkeys
- 1. cercopithecines
- 2. colobines
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Hylobatids (lesser apes)
- 1. Gibbons
- -frugivores
- -territorial
- -pair-bonded
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Great apes
- 1. Orangutans
- -solitary
- -frugivorous
- 2. gorillas
- -one-male groups
- -vegetarians
- -group cohesive
- -males defend group
- -infanticide risk high
- 3. chimpanzees
- -common chimp
- -hunt monkeys and eat meat
- -make tools
- -males cooperate
- 4. bonobos
- -strong female-female bonds
- -vegetarian, don't hunt
- -little tool use
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Catarrhines Super families
1. the Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) 2. the Hominoidea (apes and humans).
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Costs of living in groups
- 1. Availability of partners
- -Peers
- -Mates
- -Kin
- 2. Intensity of competition
- -Resources
- -Mates
- -Group membership
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Major benefits of group life
- 1. Protection versus predators
- 2. Better access to resources
- 3. Access to potential mates
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How is sociality an effective anti-predator strategy?
- 1. Detection
- 2. Dilution
- 3. Deterrence
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The distribution of food affects the nature of competition
- 1. Dispersed
- -low value resources
- -scramble competition
- -food items not worth fighting over
- 2. Clumped
- -valuable resources
- -resources are scarce and worth fighting for
- -contest competition
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What strategies do females use to enhance reproductive success?
- 1. Care
- 2. Competition
- 3. Cooperation
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Components of female fitness
- 1. Length of reproductive career
- 2. infant survivorship
- 3. interbirth interval
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Female fitness depends on
- 1. Quality of care to infants
- 2. Ability to compete effectively with competitors
- 3. Cooperation in competitive situations
- 4. Balance between quality and quantity of offspring
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Expect males to invest when
- 1. finding additional mates difficult
- 2. fitness of kids raised by one parent low
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Intersexual selection
-selection favors traits that make males more attractive to females
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Intrasexual selection
-selection favors traits that make males more successful in male-male competition
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Sexual selection favors traits that
increase success in competition for mates
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Male-male competition favors
- -large body size
- -horns
- -antlers
- -large canines
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Male mating success is therefore primarily limited by
the number of fertile females to which they have access
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Female reproductive strategies
- 1.investing a good deal of time and energy in her offspring
- 2. the careful choosing of mates
- 3. coalitioning to protect their offspring from infanticidal males
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Male reproductive strategies
- 1. Competition among themselves
- 2. Infanticide
- 3. Mate guarding
- -staying in proximity of female and aggressively chasing away rival males
- - strategy used against less dominant males
- 4. Mate-herding
- - controlling female movements away from groups of other males
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