Ophthamalogic Principles

• -Grave's (CT and EOM)
• -increased orbital contents

-weakness of levator palpebrae (CNIII)

-weakness of superior tarsal (sympathetics --> Horner's)

-mechanical disorder in older individuals

• -Migraine
• -Amaurosis Fugax (TIA of opthalmic artery)
• -Visual obscurations (increased ICP)

• 1. Infarct of retina or optic nerve
• 2. Retinal detachment
• 3. hemorrhages of macula
• 4. Vitreous Hemorrhage

Acute angle closure glaucoma

• 1. Cataracts
• 2. Open angle glaucoma
• 3. Age related macular degeneration
• 4. Diabetic retinopathy (retinal microangiopathy)

1. Monocular: psychogenic, refractive problems

2. Binocular: eyes misaligned (strabismus

• 1. abnormality in anterior visual pathway
• -refractive errors most common
• -lesions of cornea, lens, retina

2. Mild Dysconjugate Gaze

3. Failure to accomodate (blurred close vision)

• Unilateral:
• -vitreous detachment
• -retinal tear or detachment

• Bilateral:
• -migraine

• "loss of axons in optic nerve"
• -disc appears pale or even white in all types of atrophy but glaucoma

1. Chronic papilledema (blurred disc margins)

2. Vascular occlusion (narrow arteries)

3. Glaucoma (enlarged cup)