Lifespan Nutrition Exam 1

Glucose-Glucose

Glucose-Galactose

Glucose-Fructose

45-65% of intake

• Women 21-25g
• Men 30-38g

10-35% of intake

• Linoleic acid (Omega-6)
• Alpha Linolenic (Omega-3)

20-35% of total calories

• B-6
• B-12
• Thiamine
• Niacin
• Choline
• Riboflavin
• Biotin
• Folate
• Pantothenic Acid
• Vitamin C

A, D, E, K

Chemicals found in plants that may affect body processes

Calcium, Iron, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Zinc, Floride, Iodine, Copper, Manganese, Selenium, Chromium, Molybdenum, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride

food is a basic need of humans

Foods provide energy (calories), nutrients, and other substances needed for growth and health.

Health problems related to nutrition originate within cells

Poor nutrition can result from both inadequated and excessive levels of nutrient intake

Humans have adaptive mechanisms for managing fluctuations in food intake

Malnutrition can result from poor diets and from disease states, genetic factors, or combinations of these causes

Some groups of people are at higher risk of becoming inadequately nourished than others

Poor nutrition can influence the development of certain chronic diseases

adequacy, variety, and balance are key characteristics of a healthy diet

there are no "good" or "bad" foods.

• Variety
• Moderation
• Balance
• Calorie Control
• Adequacy

added nutrients back in that they had taken out through processing (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, and Iron).

Claim to treat, cure or prevent disease

• Diet at one stage of life affects the next
• Disease prevention and health promotion
• There is no one best diet for everyone

• Existing vital stats data
• Opinions
• Observations
• Income
• Food programs

• Clinical/physical
• Dietary
• Anthropometric
• Biomedical

Continuous assessment of trends to initiate corrective measures

assessment of intermittent times to detect the changes in the dietary or nutritional status of a population

SNAP (food stamps)

• USDA
• Education/counceling
• Food vouchers
• Based on Nut risk and need
• Health benefits
• Every dollar invested save $3.13 on health costs for infants in first 2 years

• Increase adults at healthy weight from 42 to 60%
• Reduce obesity from 23 to 15%
• Reduce iron deficiency in Women from 4-11% to 1-7%
• Reduce spina bifida from 7 to 3 per 10,000 and birth defects from 1.7-1.2 per 1,000 live births
• Increase proportion of women who get preconceptional counseling

• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
• Testosterone

Primary effect is the birth of small and frail infants who have a high likelihood of death int he first year

Associated with dramatic decline in fertility that recovers when food intake does

Acute

Increase

DECREASE

Leptin and Estrogen

20 < BMI < 30

Gain weight

No

TRUE

Plant based, low-fat deits

• Lower infertility if you have adequate iron
• Pre-pregnancy iron deficiency associated with preterm delivery and low iron in infant
• 50% of women enter pregnancy with low iron
• Easier to build up iron stores before pregnancy

• cholesterol changes
• risk of blood clots

• weight gain
• increased levels of LDL
• Decreased bone density

weight gain

• 1. Consume 400 mcg folate/folic acid
• 2. limit intake of Vitamin A from supplements to 5000IU/day
• 3. Limit or omit alcohol-containing beverages

hormone changes, decreased sperm count, sperm motility, oxidative stress.

high estrogen and leptin, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflamation

• Waist circ. >40" in men, >35" in women
• Blood triglycerides >/= 150
• HDL <40 in men, <50 in women
• Blood pressure >/= 130/85
• Fasting blood glucose >/=110

wt. loss of 7-22 pounds (if BMI is over 25)

Usually in women engaged in intellectual professions of those expose to social stress

weight gains of 6-11 lbs are usually sufficient to restore fertility

one of the most common causes of anovulation and loss of menstrual cycles. Related to an energy deficiency

• Amenorrhea
• Disordered eating
• Osteoporosis

Loss of menstrual cycle

normalization of body weight

normalization of eating behaviors

• Wt. loss of 7%
• 15-20% protein
• <30% fat
• 50% CHO (high fiber)
• <7% sat fat
• little/no trans fat
• Cholesterol <200mg
• 14 g fiber per 1000 kcal
• 1/2 grains whole
• low GI foods-rich in fiber

150 minutes per week or an average of 21 minutes per day.

• obesity
• central fat sores
• genetics

• increase insulin sensitivity
• dietary modification, weight loss, and exercise

5-10% of initial weight

4-6 months

3500-4500 kg or 7lb 12 oz - 10lbs

• Reduce anemia 29-20%
• Reduce infant mortality from 7.6 to no more than 5 per 1000
• reduce spina bifida 7 to 3 per 10,000
• reduce low birth weight from 7.3-5%
• Reduce preterm births from 9.1-7.6%
• Increase abstinence from alcohol for preger women from 79-95%
• Reduce the incidence of FAS
• Increase proportion of women who gain weigh appropriately

Most intense during the first 2 months after conception.

Small for gestational age

disproportionately small for gestational age (ex. head circumference is disproportionate to body)

proportionately small for gestational age (ex. head is small for their age but is proportionate to body).

Large for gestational age

theory that exposure to adverse nutritional and other conditions during critical/sensitive periods of growth permanently affect body (makes you more likely to be sickly)

Underweight

28-40lbs

25-35lbs

15-25lbs

11-20 lbs

25-54 lbs

Normal

Over weight

Obese

• 3-5lbs in first timester
• Gradual and consistent gains thereafter

1/3 of the normal duration of pregnancy

3-5 lbs

1 lb per week

1 lb per week

0-13 weeks

14-26 weeks

27-40 weeks (birth)

15 pounds

if the woman gained >45lbs or had low activity levels

2 pounds

+340 kcal/day

+452 kcal/day

175 grams/day

additional 25g/day

• Linoleic acid
• Alpha linolenic acid

9 cups

Accutane

5 mcg or 200 UI

1000 mg

10%

20%

40%

Thyroid function, energy production, fetal brain development.

Cretinism

NO

• Stillbirth
• LGA
• Cesarean section delivery

• variety
• physical activity
• appropriate weight gain
• nonjudgmental/nondiscriminatory

postponed 1-2 years after surgery

• Calcium
• Vitamin D
• Colorful veggies and fruits
• exercise
• appropriate weight gain

• higher rates of misscarriage
• stillbirth
• neonatal death
• congenital anomalies

50%

Exercise at 50-50% VO2 max

220 - age * VO2 max = heartbeats/minute

40-50%

20%

30-40%

• 0.5 lbs per week in 1st tri
• 1.5 lbs per week in 2-3 tri

total of 50 lbs (33-34 weeks of gaining 1.5 lbs)

Weight gain (about 450 kcal)

• Malabsorption (diarrhea, inflammatory response)
• loss of calcium from bones
• reduced immunity (higher risk of food borne illness)

avoid alcohol during pregnancy

• 12% once a month
• 2% consume 5 or more drinks on at least one occasion

• Short nose
• flat nasal bridges
• thin upper lips
• mental retardation
• pSGA

compete with fetus for nutrients and calories

• Require extra calories
• 1300mg calcium