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Religion and the Churches: The music of __and the __ and __ churches of Southern Germany and Austria show that __ was increasing as life became __and men of reason __. Still, many were still Christian who believed faith was necessary to society.
- Bach
- pilgrimage and monastic
- anti-religion
- secularized
- attacked churches
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I. The Institutional Church
18th century
- a. 18th : established Catholic and Protestant churches= conservative institutions that upheld society’s hierarchical structure, privileged classes, and traditions
- i. Churches experienced change because of new state policies, but not dramatic internal changes
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I. The Institutional Church
Both Catholic and Protestant
- i. Both Catholic and Protestant run by priest or pastor and parish church at center of religious practice
- 1. Kept records of births, deaths, and marriages; gave charity; supervised primary education; cared for orphans
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I. The Institutional Church
Church-state relations
- i. Protestant Reformation solved problem of relationship between church and state by establishing principle of state control over churches
- 1. 18th: Protestnat state churches all over Europe and minorities
- a. Luteranism: Scandinvaia nd n. German states
- b. Anglicanism: Engalnd
- c. Calvinsim: Scotland, United Provinces, some of swiss Cantons and German states
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I. The Institutional Church
1700
- 1. 1700: Catholic church exercised power Catholic European states: Spain, Portugal, France, Itlay, the Habsburg Empire, Poland, and most of s. Germany
- a. Church also ery wealthy
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I. The Institutional Church
Catholic church
- i. Catholic church= hierarchy
- 1. Highest clerics (bishops, archbishops, abbots, abbesses): upper class, especially landed nobility, and receive enormous revenue from their landed estates and tithes from the faithful
- a. Wide gulf between upper and lower clergy
- i. Bishop: 100, 000 livres yearly (France)
- ii. Priest: 500
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I. The Institutional Church
Governments in 18th
- 1. 18th: governments of many Catholic states began to seek greater authority over churches in their countries
- a. This “nationalization” of the Catholic church meant controlling the papacy an dthe chief papal agnents, the Jesuits
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I. The Institutional Church
Jesuits
- i. Jesuits: successfulà created special enclaves (states within states) all over and were advisers to Catholic rulers, giving them political influces
- 1. High profileà enemies and actions to undermine their power
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I. The Institutional Church
Portuguese monarch
- a. Portuguese monarch destroyed the Jesuit state inParaguay and then expelled them from Portugal, confiscating their property
- b. 1764, they were expelled from France and three years later from Spain and Spanish colonies
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I. The Institutional Church
1773
- a. 1773: when Spain and France demanded that the entire society be dissolved, Pope Clement XIV complied
- i. Dissolution of the Jesuit order, one pillar of Catholic strength, was another victory for Catholic governments determined to win control voer their churches
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I. The Institutional Church
Jesuit end
- 1. End of Jesuits paralleled by decline in papal power
- a. Papacy played minor role in diplomacy and international affairs
- i. The nationalization of the churches by the states meant loss of the papacy’s power to appoint high clerical officials
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I. The Institutional Church
Toleration and Religious Minorities
- i. Philosophes wanted religious toleration for political necessityà tolerance of different creeds occurred
- 1. Louis XIV insisted on religious uniformity and suppressing the rights of the Huguenots
- 2. Many rulers continued to believe one path to salvation
- a. True duty of ruler to not to let subjects to go to hell by being hereticsà persecutrion of hereticsà last one (1781)
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I. The Institutional Church
Some progress
- i. Some progress made
- 1. No ruler more interested in philosophes’ call for religious toleration than Joseph II of Austria
- a. Toleration Patent of 1781, while recognizing Catholicism’s public practice, granted Lutherans, Clavinists, and Greek Orthodox the right to worship privately= all subjects equal
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I. The Institutional Church
Toleration and the Jews
- i. Remained despised; largest number in e. Europe (Ashkenazic)
- 1. Except in tolerant Poland, Jews were restricted in movements, forbidden to own land or hold jobs, forced to pay heavy special taxses, and subject to periodic outbursts of popular wrath
- a. The resulting pogroms (communities looted and massacred) made them dependent on favor of territorial rulers
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I. The Institutional Church
Sephardic Jews
- i. Sephardic Jews (expelled from Spain in 15th)
- 1. Many migrated to Turkish lands, some in cities, like Amsterdam and Venice, wehere they were free to participate in banking and commercial activities that were practiced since middle ages
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I. The Institutional Church
Successful Sephardic Jews
- a. Successful ones provided valuable service to rulers (court Jews)
- i. Even they were insecure because religion set them apart from Crhistian majority and led to social resentment
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I. The Institutional Church
Some Enlightenment thinkers
- i. Some enlightment thinkiers in 18th century favored new acceptance of Jews
- 1. Argued that Jews and Muslims ere human with full rights of citizenship despite their religion
- a. Renounced their persecution but did not hide their hostility and ridiculed their customs
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I. The Institutional Church
Europeans and Assimilation
- i. Many Europeans favored assimilation of Jews into mainstream of societ,y but only by the conversion of Jews to Christianity sa basic solution to the “Jewish problem”
- 1. Not acceptable to Jews
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I. The Institutional Church
Austrian emperor Joseph II
- i. Austrian emperor Joseph II tried to adopt new policy toward Jews, but it was limited
- 1. Freed Jews from nuisance taxes and allowed more freedom of movement and job opportunities, but still restricted from owning ladn and worshiping in public
- 2. At the same time, he encouraged Jews to learn German and work toward greater assimilation into Autsrian society
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