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I. The World of Medicine
Medicine
- a. Medicine practiced by hierarchy of practitioners
- i. Physicians: university graduates with high social status
- 1. Despite scientists advances, university medical education still in Latin and based on Galen’s work
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I. The World of Medicine
New Methods
- 1. New methods emphasizing experience were introduced at ULeiden, replacing Padua as foremost European medical school and surpassed by Vienna
- a. Graduates with doctorates in medicine must get license before practicing
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I. The World of Medicine
England: Royal College of Physicians
- i. Englahd: Royal College of Physicians licensed only 100 physicians
- 1. Licensed physicians were the only ones who could hold regular medical consultations with patients and receive pay
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I. The World of Medicine
Surgeons
- i. Surgeons (barber-surgeons)
- 1. Bleed patients; perform surgery (w/o painkillers and w/ filth due to no understanding of anesthesia or infection)
- a. Surgeon underwent changes as they were separate from barbers and organized their own guilds, underwent training by dissections and studying anatomy more systematically
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I. The World of Medicine
Surgeons and physicians
- i. Surgeons and physicians no longer distinct
- 1. Surgeons licensed
- a. England: Royal College of Surgeons required clinical experience before getting license
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I. The World of Medicine
Other medical practitioners
- i. Other medical practitioners (apothecaries, midwives, faith healers)
- 1. Served commoners and provided herbs, potions as recommended by physicians,, but also acted independently
- a. 18th: male doctors inclreasingly supplanted midwives in delivering babies and the tradition of faith healing continued to be practiced
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I. The World of Medicine
Hospitals
- a. Hospitals were a problem rather than aid due to bad conditions
- Ineffective hospital reform
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