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Amplitude
vertical distance from the midpoint to the crest or trough
height
vertical distance from the crest to the trough
wave length
horizontal distance form a point on the wave to the corresponding point on the next wave
frequency =
# waves/ seconds
period or interval =
#seconds/ wave
orbitals
little circles that get smaller in the waves
wave base
the downward limit of water movement as a wave passes
surface
when wave approches shore and water depth is shallower than wave base the waves base the water breaks into
spilling breaker
gentle slope
plunging breaker
intermediate slope
surging breaker
steep slope
eustatic sea level
world wide sea level
local sea level
due to land uplifting or subsiding
emergant (uplifted) coastline
is being uplifted relative to sea level
submerged coastline
is sinking relative to sea level
estuary
valley flooded by rising sea level
onshore (infltration)
smaller waves (summer) transport sand
offshore
larger waves (winter) transport sand
winter beach
narrower
steeper
coarser grains left behind
darker mafic grains behind (sand is darker)
more sand in offshore sand bars
lattoral (beach) drift
the movement of the sand, going back and forth
refraction
the bending of waves when they change speed
wave reflection
waves bounce off a flat surface
hurbidity currents
giant underwater avalanche of sediment and water that flows down the slope
mid ocean ridges
diverging plate boundary
ophiolite sequence
slice of oceanic crust thrust onto land
deep sea sediment (chert of turbidites)
Pillow basalts
shorted dike complex
gabbro
serpentonized ultra mafic rock
guyot
flat topped sea mount formed by waves erosion and subrdence
atoll
ring shaped coral island
hydrothermal vents
black smokers on mid ocean ridge
dip
max. angle between a plan or surface (bed,fault ect.) and a horizontal surface
strike
line of intersection between a plan or surface and horizontal plane
anticline
both limbs dip away from the axis
syncline
both limbs dip towards the axis (younger rocks exposed at the axis)
monocline
only one limb
axis of plunging anticline
nose or "u" points in the direction of plunge
axis of plunging syncline
"nose" or "u" pints opposite the direction of plunge
dip slip fault
movement is primarily vertical (up and down)
normal fault
foot wall moves upward relative to the the hanging wall
detachment fault
a low angle (flat) normal fault
reverse fault
hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall
thrust fault
a low angle (flat) reverse fault
strike slip faults
movement is primarly horizontal
oblique slip fault
both horizontal and vertical movement
body waves
pass through the earths interior
P (primary) waves
first to arrive
fastest 5.0 km/sec
compressional wave
(movement is in same direction as wave travel)
S (secondary) wave
3.5 km/sec
transverse waves" movement is perpendicular to the direction of wave travel)
only pass through solids not liquids or gas
surface waves
follow earth surface
R(rayleigh) vertical transverse surface wave
L(love) horizontal traverse surface wave
the first transverse wave must be a
S wave
seismogram recorded on a ?
seismograph machine
Richter Scale
developed on the 1930's
measure the amplitude of the S wave and the (S-P) to determine the distance to the quake
proportional to the total energy released in the quake
logarythmic scale
each increase in magnitude means the size of the waves increased by 10
(energy increased by 10 pie (31.4)
mercall scale of intensity
measure the effects of the shaking at a particular location
depends on
distance
magnitude
rock type= softer rock
liqudfraction
wet sediment turns to liquid when shaken
the energy of the waves come from
the wind
wave refraction tends to
bend waves parallel to the shoreline
wave base for a wave is equal to
half the wavelength
between the berm and the seacliffs you would find what part of a beach
backshore
upper newport bay and bolsa chica are good examples
estuaries
if a groin is built then there will be
some deposition on the side that longshore current is coming from, but an equal amount of erosion on the downcurrent side
spit
a sand bar attached to the coast on one end
stacks
offshore rocks left behind as a coastline erodes
the steepest part of a continental margin is called
continental slope
shelf break
the edge of the continental shelf
a flat topped seamount
guyot
turbidity curents
submarine telephone cables are most commonly broken
deepest part of oceans
trenches
Author
arrieta.stephanie
ID
19716
Card Set
stephanie
Description
sac geology
Updated
2010-05-18T06:27:41Z
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