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Pseudis paradoxus
"Paradoxical Frog" - General habitat: fresh water
- Location: South America
- Physiological Facts:
- -largest known tadpole size (golfball)
- -used to understand metamorphosis
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What are the 5 Central Themes in Animal Physiology?
- 1. Structure/Function Relationships
- 2. Effects of Environment
- 3. Homeostasis
- 4. Feedback/control systems
- 5. Conformity & Regulation
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Function depends on...
Structure
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The result of the process of evolution through natural selection that leads organisms to have physiology, anatomy, and behavior that meets the demands in their environment.
Adaptation
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Change in gene frequency.
Acts on the level of population.
Evolution
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A _____ can evolve, but not a ______.
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Factors of the environment that act on the individual, by which biological traits become more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers.
Natural selection
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-Physiological changes that result from environmental stimuli within lifetime of individual.
-Is reversible; not permanent changes
Acclimatization
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Physiological changes that result from environmental stimuli that is being experimentally imposed on an animal, e.g. in a lab, not in natural environment
Acclimation
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-Condition of being relatively stable.
-Having internal stability through external environmental changes.
Homeostasis
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Occurs when the result of a process influences the operation of the process itself in such a way as to reduce changes. Give an example.
Negative Feedback; car braking, shivering, sweating, production of CRF being reduced when cortisol levels are too high
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A process in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation. Give an example.
Positive feedback; diarrhea, clotting of blood, formation of action potential
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The movement of an ion depends on interactions with ________ & _______.
Chemical gradient & Electrical gradient
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The ionic steady state is maintained by...
different concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell
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Sodium is higher _____ of the cell, and potassium is higher _____ of the cell
Outside, Inside
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What theoretical concept works well for for K & Cl, but not for other types of ions used in the cell?
Donnan Equilibrium
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Single-celled organisms use _____ to dump water and prevent lysis. This is an example of _____ of _____.
- -vacuoles
- -regulation of cell volume
-can move a solute into the cell and pump it out so water can follow
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Ionized/ionizable molecules in the cell
Electrolytes
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Moves through aquapores, is size-permitting, avoids selective membranes, moves and gets to cells & receptors it's supposed to.
Non-electrolytes
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What determines if molecules pass through pores?
- 1. charge
- 2. size of pore
- 3. ease of dehydration
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This structure is small, is comprised of water-filled channels, and allows different molecules to pass through from one cell to another with water.
Gap junctions
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This hypothesis states that water can be moved by osmotic gradients that are established by solute transport.
Standing-Gradient Hypothesis
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