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What process flags microbe for macrophage destruction?
Opsinization
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What process does the macrophage use to engulf the a microbe?
Oxidative burst
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How does the phagolysosome degrade the microbe?
- Catalase breaks hydrogen peroxide down
- Lysosomal acid hydrolases degrade dead microorganisms
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What is caused by premature degranulation, faulty phagocytosis, presence of membranolytic substances, long term persistent leukocyte activation?
leukocyte-induced tissue injury
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What disease is the presence of membranolytic substances found?
Gout
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What are the two categories of chemical mediators?
Cell-derived and Plasma-derived
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What are the types of cell-derived chemical mediators?
- preformed (histamine and mast)
- Synthesized as needed (prostaglandin)
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What are the classifications of plasma derived chemical mediators?
- Complement
- Kinins
- Coagulation Factors
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What type of chemical mediator are vasoactive amines?
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What chemical mediator is released by basophils, platelets (in response to injury) and mast cells?
histamine
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What type of reaction does histamine cause?
- vasodilatioin
- venular endothelia cell contraction
- Junctional widening
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What type of chemical mediator is serotonin?
Vasoactive
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What are arachidonic acid metabolites (Eicosanoid)?
- Cell derived (synthesized)
- Prostagladins, thromboxane
- Leukotrines
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What are the functions of prostagladins and thromboxane?
Vasodilation and prolong edema
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What are the functions of leukotrines?
chemotaxins, vasoconstrictors, increase vascular permeability and bronchospasm
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What is the main function of the clotting system and where is it derived?
Converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin clot
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What is the main function of the kinin system?
Release of bradykinnins
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What is the complement system activated by?
C1 or C3 (punch holes in membrane)
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What is the function of PAF (platelet activating factor)
- vasodilation
- vascular permeability
- leukocyte adhesion
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What is the function of cytokines?
Tell other cells how to act
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What is the function of nitric oxide? and where is it produced?
- vascular smooth muscle relaxation
- kills microbes in activated macrophages
- supresses platelet adhesion
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What are the possible outcomes of acute inflammation?
- Complete resolution
- scarring
- abscesses
- progression to chronic inflammation
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What is the excessive build up of scar tissue called?
Keloids
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What is the common WBC called? and what are they activated by?
- Macrophage
- Activated by: Tcells, endotoxins, other inflammatory processes
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Where are T and B lymphocytes produced? And what is their function?
- T-Thymus:ID imminuglobin needed
- B-Bone marrow: Produce immunoglobin
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What is a plasma cell derived from?
It is a B cell that differentiates due to immunoglobin production
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Where are eosinophils found?
- Parasitic infection
- Allergy (immunoglobin E)
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What is it called when t cell activated macrophages engulf indigestible foreign bodies and form clusters that resemble squamous cells? and what are two examples?
Granulomatous inflammation
- Tuberculosis
- Crohn's disease
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What is the main function of lymph nodes?
Stop the spread of infection
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What pattern of inflammation has a watery effusion and where is it mainly found?
- Serous
- Upper airway infection
- GI mucus
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What type of inflammation is seen in nemonia, bronchitis, adhesive pericarditis?
Fibrinous (Fiber accumulation)
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What type of inflammation has the presence of puss?
Suppurative (abscess)
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What type of inflammation occurs via necrotic epithelial surface? (e.g. bed sores)
Ulcerative
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What are the acute phase reactions to inflammation?
- Fever
- -anorexia
- -skeletal muscle protein
- degradation
- -Hypotension
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What types of leukocytosis occurs in bacterial, parasitic and viral infections (respectively)?
- Bacterial- Neutrophilia
- parasitic- Eosinophilia
- virial- lymphocytosis
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What is the suffix giving to benign tumors of the connective tissue?
oma (i.e. fibroma)
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What suffix is given to malignant tumors of connective tissue?
sarcoma (chondrosarcoma)
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What suffix is given to benign tumors of epithelial cells?
pappilloma (i.e. squamous cell pappilloma)
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What is the suffix given to malignant tumors of epithelial cells?
carcinoma
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What is mesothelloma?
malignant tumor of the plura
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What is invasive meningloma?
malignant tumor of the brain coverings
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What is adenoma?
benign tumor of epithelial lining of glands or ducts
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What is the process of going from differentiated to undifferentiated?
Anaplagia
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What type of tumor grows by expansion?
Malignat
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What is the most common cancer found in men and women (respectively)?
-
What is the most common type of cancer to cause death?
Lung cancer
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What are the four main DNA damaging agents associated with cancer?
- Chemicals
- Radiation
- Viruses
- Free Radicles
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What are the four steps of invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors?
- 1. loosing of cell to cell contact
- 2. attachment to novel ECM components
- 3. Degradation of ECM
- 4. tumor migration
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What are ten known carcinogens?
- 1. Arsenic: lung, skin, blood
- 2. Asbestosis: Lung, pleura, GIT
- 3. Benzene: Leukemia, hodgkin lymphoma
- 4. Beryllium: Lung
- 5. Cadmium: prostate
- 6. Chromium: Lung
- 7. Ethylene oxide: leukemia
- 8: Nickel: Nose, Lung
- 9. Radon: Lung
- Vinyl Chloride: Blood vessels, liver
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What recognizes antigens on tumor surface?
CD8+ and CTLs
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What is a progressive loss of body fat an lean body mass, accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia, caused by release of cytokines by the tumor or host?
Cachexia
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What is the Triple A effect?
athenia, anorexia, anemia
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