AICP Exam Study

1909 - Washington DC

1912 - Wackers Manual of the Plan of Chicago - Walter Moody

in 1914, Flavel Shurtleff wrote Carrying Out the City Plan, the first major textbook on city planning.

In 1917, the American Institute of Planners (AIP) was founded, with Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. as the first president. The AIP was the forerunner of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP)*.

In 1925, the American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning published the first issue of City Planning, the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association.

In 1934, the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) was founded.

In 1971, AIP adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners.

In 1977, the first exam for AIP membership was administered.

In 1978, the American Planning Association was created through a merger of AIP and ASPO.

In 1981, the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research.

In 1867, San Francisco passed the first land use zoning restriction on the location of obnoxious uses.

In 1903, Cleveland created the first local civic center plan in the U.S. Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner were responsible for the plan's development.

In 1906, San Francisco was the first major American city to apply the City Beautiful principles, using a plan developed by Daniel Burnham.

In 1907, the first town planning board was created in Hartford, Connecticut.

In 1909, Daniel Burnham created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago.

1909 - Wisconsin was the first state to pass enabling legislation and Los Angeles was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development.

In 1914, Newark, New Jersey hired the first full-time employee for a city planning commission, Harland Bartholomew. Bartholomew went on to become one of the most famous planning consultants.

In 1916, New York City adopted the first comprehensive zoning code, written by Edward Bassett.

In 1922, Los Angeles County formed the first regional planning commission.

In 1924, Secretary Herbert Hoover, of the U.S. Department of Commerce, issued the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act.

In 1925, The City of Cincinnati was the first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan, produced by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe

n 1933, the first U.S. National Planning Board was created. It was later renamed the National Resources Planning Board and then abolished in 1943.

^{In 1934, the first federally supported public housing was constructed in Cleveland, although the first to be occupied was located in Atlanta.}

In 1961, Hawaii was the first state to introduce statewide zoning, which was later amended in 1978.

In 1928, the U.S. Department of Commerce, under Secretary Herbert Hoover, released the Standard City Planning Enabling Act.

How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis, published in 1890. This book resulted in housing reform in New York City.

Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform by Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898. This book initiated the Garden City movement.

Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago by Walter Moody, published in 1912. This book was adopted as a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago.

Carrying Out the City Plan by Flavel Shurtleff, published in 1914. This book was the first major textbook on city planning.

Cities in Evolution by Patrick Geddess, published in 1915. This book centers on regional planning

Planning of the Modern City by Nelson Lewis, published in 1916.

Local Planning Administration by Ladislas Segoe, published in 1941. This book was the first in the Green Book Series produced by the International City/County Management Association.

Urban Land Use Planning by F. Stuart Chapin, published in 1957. This book became a common textbook on land use planning.

Image of the City by Kevin Lynch, published in 1960. This book defines basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes.

The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs, published in 1961. Jacobs provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.

Silent Spring by Rachel Carlson, published in 1962. This book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment.

The Urban General Plan by TJ Kent, published in 1964.

With Heritage So Rich edited by Alfred Reins, published in 1966. This is a seminal book in historic preservation.

Design with Nature by Ian McHarg, published in 1969. This book focuses on conservation design

The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces by Wiliam Whyte, published in 1980. This book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.

was an important planner during the Garden City movement. secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth. He developed a number of garden suburbs in England and later went on to teach planning at MIT and Harvard.

advocate of community organizing. organized Chicago’s poor late 1930s and 1940s. 1946 published Reveille for Radicals encouraged poor to become involved in American democracy. published Rules for Radicals, which 13 rules for community organizing.

wrote “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” for the Journal of the American Planning Association in 1969. This article describes the levels of involvement by citizens depending on the form of participation utilized.

wrote Silent Spring, an important book in environmental planning.

Resettlement Administration head.worked on greenbelt cities program,construction of new self-sufficient cities.closely involved in the development of Arthurdale,WV Resettlement Administration community.NY City Planning Commissioner governor of Puerto Rico

was an English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University.

founder of American housing policy. worked to reform policy related to housing and city planning.served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America.wrote Modern Housing. Influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.

1901 - City Beautiful design is the McMillan Plan of 1901 for Washington D.C.

provided for rectangular land survey of Old Northwest.completed following the end of the Revolutionary War.provided systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public.established sections and townships.goal to raise money through the sale of land

1862-Lincoln-provided 160 acres land to settlers for $18 and guaranteed five years of residence.resulted in settlement of 270 million acres,10 percent of the land area of the USA.Mass farming led to creation of the dust bowl.Ended in 1976(1986 Alaska)

1891 was passed by Congress. This Act provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.one of the earliest preservation efforts. Yellowstone Park was granted as part of this act

1897 allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves. the regulated harvesting of timber, mining of mineral resources, and use of water on forest reservations may be permitted by the Secretary of the Interior.

1902- allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems.led to the eventual damming of nearly every major western river.

In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed the commission to propose rules for land development and management.

1906-first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites.allowed for the designation of National Monuments.created to protect prehistoric Indian ruins and artifacts.president can designate national monuments without congress approval.

formed in 1935 to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform. The result was the development of Greenbelt towns. folded in January of 1937. brainchild of Rexford G. Tugwell in Franklin Roosevelt's administration.

1944 commonly known as the GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.

Roosevelt-1935. This agency was responsible for the New Towns program which developed 0three cities based on Howard's (garden city) ideas: Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio; and Greenbelt, Maryland. Additionally, 99 other new towns were planned.

1946- UK led to the development of dozen communities based on Howard's ideas

following WWI - New town

Developed the Cincinnati Plan 1925. First comp plan ever

plan for Washington DC - City Beautiful -1901

Between 1922 and 1929, the Regional Plan for New York and Environs was created. The plan focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities. Stein and Mumford were involved in the creation of the plan.

required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under Section 701. problem - it led to the creation of plans for the purpose of acquiring federal funds rather than to truly plan for communities.

chicago 1885

salt lake city 1868

boston 1897

NYC 1916

Analysis calculates total cost of a project to the City. Fiscal impact analysis may also be defined as cost-revenue analysis.

compares two choices, so to annex or to not annex.

is used to determine the benefits of large projects

ISTEA (Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act) 1991 – Presented overall intermodal approach. Gave MPO’s more power.

(Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century) 1998 – Additional planning considerations required: support MPO economy, increase safety, increase accessibility, environmental enhancement, increase connectivity, efficient management, and preservation of

(Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users) 2005 – Increased focus on safety.

Program Evaluation Review Technique is a line chart that shows how tasks are dependent on each other. In PERT it is very easy to see how tasks are dependent upon each other.

is a popular type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule

Goals Achievement Matrix is a chart that shows the anticipated attainment of a project’s goals and the assignment of accomplishing a goal to a group.

is a project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solution for a project. This system takes a set of decision variables within constraints and comes up with an optimum design solution.

Each project task has a known amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before the previous one is completed. The longest pathway is the critical pathway.

is the concept that you are making land use decisions based on the fiscal impact of the community.

is the process of making predictions about the economy as a whole or in part. Relevant models include: Economic base analysis, Shift-share analysis, Input-output model

Briefly, activities in an area divide into two categories – basic and non-basic. Basic industries are those exporting from the region; non-basic (or service) industries support basic industries

is a technique sometimes used for retrospectively decomposing changes, usually in employment, in a set of urban areas or regions.

uses a matrix representationof a nation's (or a region's) economy to predict the effect of changes in one industry on others and by consumers, government, and foreign suppliers on the economy.

planning into the public eye and assisted in recognizing the different needs of interest groups in the community.

The organization uses boycotts to initiate change. A paid organizer is used to organize people. An invitation is given to members of a community to participate in the organization.

A Ladder of Citizen Participation, 1969.

Advocacy Planning

is responsible for the concept of organizational decision-making as it is known today

s a hypothesis set up to be nullified or refuted in order to support an alternative hypothesis

is a decision-making method for use among groups of many sizes, who want to make their decision quickly, as by a vote, but want everyone's opinions taken into account

is a systematic interactive forecasting method for obtaining forecasts from a panel of independent experts

Charles Lindblom. Discusses Citizen Participation

1964

The Court upheld temporary moratoriums on building permits.

The Court established the right of municipalities to regulate building height.

The Court first approved the use of setback regulations, although it overturned the setbacks in this case.

The Court first approved the regulation of the location of land uses.

The Court used a rational basis test to strike down a zoning ordinance because it had no valid public purpose (e.g., to promote the health, safety, morals, or welfare of the public).

The Court found that Mount Laurel had exclusionary zoning that prohibited multifamily, mobile home, or low- to moderate-income housing. The court required the Town to open its doors to those of all income levels.

The court upheld a growth management system that awarded points to development proposals based on the availability of public utilities, drainage facilities, parks, road access, and firehouses. A proposal would only be approved upon reaching a certain poin

The Court upheld quotas on the annual number of building permits issued.

The Court upheld a zoning scheme that decentralized sexually oriented businesses in Detroit

The Court found that the regulation of signs was valid for aesthetic reasons as long as the ordinance does not regulate the content of the sign. If the regulation is based on sign content, it must be justified by a compelling governmental interest.

The Court found that placing restrictions on the time, place, and manner of adult entertainment is acceptable. The ordinance was treating the secondary effects (such as traffic and crime) not the content.

that no government may implement land use regulation in a manner that imposes substantial burden on the religious assembly or institution, unless the government demonstrates that imposition of burden both is in furtherance of compelling government interst

The Court upheld a city's right to zone property at low-density and determined this zoning was not a taking. Government action not a regulatory taking if it substantially advanced a legitimate government interest.

Management by Objective: is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are.

Plan of Chicago, 1909

No.

James Rouse. 1967

One year.

is the formulat for computing basic and non-basic industries.

Service Industry.

Designed Columbia, Maryland. It began with the idea that a city could enhance its residents' quality of life. 1967

1954. Detroit area. Purpose to confront areawide problems.

-1st President of ASPO. -Argued in favor of zoning before Supreme Court (Euclid v Ambler - 1926) - Introduced concept of Comprehensive Plan. Co-author: Cincinnati Plan. - part in creating Capital Improvements Budget.

- Cincinnati Plan - Wrote Local Planning Administration (1941) the first "Green Book" - Early consultant

Writes about Consensus Planning. Professor at Berkeley

Consensus decision-making is a group decision making process that not only seeks the agreement of most participants, but also to resolve or mitigate the objections of the minority to achieve the most agreeable decision.

Mariemont, Ohio

Advocate of equity planning

Gov. Planners should try to reallocate public/private resources to disavantaged

Advocacy Planner

Northland, near Detroit, 1954

A null hypothesis is a neutral statement that does not suggest the direction of the result

Mariemont is a planned community in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Founded in the 1920's by Mary Emery it foreshadowed the New Urbanism movement.

Introduced concept of Mixed Scanning.

The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook and its accompanying User Manual are the culmination of APA's seven-year Growing Smart project, an effort to draft the next generation of model planning and zoning legislation for the U.S

1949

Source of water

Incremental Planning

A Compromise between Rational and Incremental Planning

Set Goals, Determine Alternatives, Evaluate Alternative, Choose Alternative, Implement, Evaluate

Mutual learing: Planner shares technical. Neighborhood shares communty info. Doesn't work with huge difference of opinion.

an area with multiple-cities with a combined population of more than 10 million inhabitants

150,000

Gives the power to the people.

Housing Act of 1954 provided matching funds for developing comprehensive plans through Sec 701 of the act

Associate with Transactive Planning and Radical Planning

Think of Lehi/Orem stealing our retail base to pay for their growth. RTS would disincentify edge cities from seeking out commercial. Therefore RTS is a regional growth stragegy method.

The current theory of choice: Planner listens and assist in developing consensus.

Developed Neighborhood Unit Concept debued in his Regional Survey of New York and its Environs (1929)

The U.S. Supreme Court indicated, for the first time, that regulation of land use might be a taking.

Cofounder Regional Planning Association.

Established aesthetics and redevelopment as valid public purposes for exercising the power of eminent domain.

Codesigned Radburn. Founding member Regional Planning Association.

Legitimized the planned unit development (PUD) process.

People watcher. Human behavior in urban spaces.

Codesigned Radburn, NJ

Established the "hard look" doctrine for environmental impact review. Must include alternatives in EIS

Clarence Perry

Made National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) requirements judicially enforceable.

Opened up environmental citizen suits to discipline the resource agencies.

Recognized growth phasing programs. AFPO's

Integrated public trust theories into a modern regulatory scheme. Shoreland zoning provided for creation of conservancy, rec, and other purposes along waterbodies is constitutional.

Required zoning to be consistent with comprehensive plans and recognized that rezonings may be quasi-judicial as well as legislative.

Opened up the possibility to control pornography via land use.

Established that discriminatory intent is required to invalidate zoning actions with racially disproportionate impacts.

Justified modern Endangered Species Act law (protecting the snail darter).

Introduced a means-end balancing test for regulatory takings and validated historic preservation controls.

Used an alternative takings test to the Penn Central test.U.S. Supreme Court rules that the open space zoning ordinance of the city of Tiburon, California, does not result in a taking of property without payment of just compensation.

Extended commercial speech to aesthetic regulation.

Held that any physical occupation is a taking, no matter how de minimis.

Created the model fair housing remedy for exclusionary zoning.

Defined the ripeness doctrine for judicial review of takings claims. Taking claim premature where owner fails relief of variance and condmenation procedures.

Allowed damages (as opposed to invalidation) as a remedy for regulatory takings. Just compensation clause of Fifth Amendment requires compensation for temporary takings which occur as a result of regulations ultimately invalidated in court.

Created the "essential nexus" takings test for conditioning development approvals on dedications a nd exactions

Compensation to be paid to landowners when regulations deprive them of all economically beneficial land use unless uses are disallowed by title or by state law background principles of private and public nuisances.

Extended Nollan's "essential nexus" test to require "rough proportionality" between development impact and conditions.

Secretary of Interior's definition of "harm" to endangered species (prohibited by Endangered Species Act of 1973) is valid when defined as "significant habitat modification or degradation where it actually kills or injures wildlife."

Sanctioned the use of moratoria and reaffirmed the parcel-as-a-whole rule for takings review

"The Science of Muddling Through", which established the incremental planning theory

Dispose of federal property

In this case the plantiff was placed in the R-3 zoning district in error. The plantiff sued under the 14th amendment claiming a violation of due process.

is a method in which a neutral third party facilitates discussion in a structured multi-stage process to help parties reach a satisfactory agreement. Effective with individuals

effective with many groups ivolving multiple, complex issues.

is a structured process of public participation with the intent of coming to a consensus decision. Panel completes hypotheses questionaires. Answers presented anonymously. Panel to revise answers based on what was heard. Eventually the answers converge.

Indian Reorganization Act

Regression

NEPA, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Farm Bill Conservation

tax rate increases as the tax base increases

The annual rate of interest paid on a bond that a borrower pays to the bond holder.

Urban Development Action Grant: HUD program to help really poor cities for economic recovery. Facilitated public-private partnerships. Encouraged intergovernmental cooperation.

Regressive taxes reduce the tax incidence of people with higher ability-to-pay, as they shift the incidence disproportionately to those with lower ability-to-pay.

The industry classification system that replaced the SIC system. The Census uses these numbers to crunch economic data.

Multiple plans prepared by different groups in order to achieve the best result for all. Paul Davidoff. Associated with Advocacy Planning

all expenditures must be justified as if it were a new program. Steps include: Analyzing, priority ranking and isolating decision packages

Tax rate is fixed no matter the amount taxed.

Typically, it consists of a series of meetings focused on long-range issues. Visioning results in a long-range plan. Priorities are set to distinguish essential goals. Performance standards allow an evaluation of progress toward goals over time.

Evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of a region's industries, Evaluates the performance of specific industries, Evaluates the mix of industries

Up to 3 percent

Friedmann's transactive planning emphasized that citizens and civic leaders, notplanners, had to be at the core of planning if plans were to be implemented.

High Response Rate

Key concept granted appeal rights.

d. Individuals unemployed divided by individuals 16 years of age and older in the labor force

wrote "Edge City" (1991)

1965

562

ex. building permit method

Shift-share: a portion of the projected expansion to sub-regions or population centers based on the center's present share of the employment

codesigner of Sunnyside Gardens, NY and Radburn, NJ

Local governments are not provided with authority absent an express delegation of power from the state.

1

Henry Wright and Clarence Stein

an area that has at least 2,500 people but less than 50,000

A push analysis determines if the introduction of a new business will generate additional customers.

requires the clustering of homes while preserving open space

is a decision-making strategy which attempts to meet criteria for adequacy, rather than to identify an optimal solution

Satisficing

1990

National Polution Discharge Elimination System allows people to obtain a permit to discharge pollutants into water

More than 25 percent

Clarence Perry

Stop and go traffic

25

Shows essential features of an area.

Satisficing

the decision focused on the question of whether or not a private company could be regulated in the public interest. The court's decision was that it could, if the private company could be seen as a utility operating in the public interest.

a long-range plan, usually four to six years, which identifies capital projects and equipment purchases, provides a planning schedule and identifies options for financing the plan.

Feedback and Compromise to create a 'win-win'

Organizational Behavior - Decision Making

An environmental assessment is a concise public document that a Federal agency prepares under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to provide sufficient evidence and analysis to determine whether a proposed agency action would require preparation

Authority to file suit: the Sierra Club v. Morton, Secretary of the Interior (1972) case where the Sierra Club attempted to block the development of a ski resort in the Mineral King Valley in the Sequoia National Forest.

1972

Organization of Native Americans and adoption of constitutions.

. Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees buy in to the objectives and understand what they are

defined by the Federal Office of Management and Budget for use by federal statistical agencies that are based on the concept of at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic

advocacy planning. Krumholz work during the 1970s focused on thinking about the disadvantaged in the community first in every planning process

Scoping (an EIS does)

NO

Purpose and Need, Affected Environment, Range of Alternatives, analysis of the environmental impacts

Rezone to multi-family. Sued over discrimination. USSC - no evidence of discrimination.

Transportation Systmes Management

refers to forward-looking assessment of the likely future effects of new policies of proposals

aka Lifestyle Center with big box retail attached.

Belle Terra, HB: new format that brings classic features of lifestyle centers to big-box venues

Upscale specialty stores, dining and entertainment in an outdoor setting

Typically state initiated legislation to protect commercial farms from nuisance action.

an approach to congestion mitigation. Identify how you can better make use of existing infrastructure. Low-cost but effective.

Multiple Nuclei Model.

Dispute resolution

Concentric Zone Model

allows for an outward progression of growth along railroads, highways, and other transportation arteries

similar industries with common land-use and financial requirements are established near each other. greater movment due to increased car ownership. which allows for the specialization of regional centers.

Concensus building

Central place therory: size and distribution of towns. HEXAGONAL SHAPE.

The center was the CBD. transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses. Low-class residential homes. Better Homes. Comuters Zone.

Sector Model

Multiple Nuclie Model

est. 1927 to create the Colorado River Aqueduct

1990

Prevention of Significant Deterioration - projects shall not increase emissions above a PSD increment.

used to estimate trip generation

A traffic deal to quantify trip generation relationships

Transportation Improvement Program: FHWA requires this of MPO's: lists all projects for which federal funds are anticipated, estimated costs and schedules

analyzes a local economy in comparison with a larger economy.

transportation