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"What is the ""White City""? Who designed it? When?"

The World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair). Daniel Burnham was a principal designer. The Exposition was held in 1893 (400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World).
What is the planning significance of Central Park? Who was it designer & builder?

"It was created in the mid 1800s as an a way to address the lack of green space in cities. Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted
"What is the ""Cumberland Road""? When was its built?"

"The ""National Road"" built by the Federal gov't to tie the east and west together in 1811. Ran from Cumberland
What were the 3 major ports of immigration in 1811.

"Chicago
What are the most significant laws of the Public Health Movement?

NYC Tenement Law of 1867 and a San Francisco ordinance that ended slaughter houses in 1867.
Why did the Public Health Movement die out?

The Public Health Movement died out in the 1920s as local governments were given authority to regulate issues.
Explain what the S - T - R system is and how it was used.

"S - T - R : Section
"What was the intent of the ""Land Ordinance of 1785""? What is its planning significance?"

"The rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest was created to provide a systematic way to divide and distribute land to people. It is called the ""largest single act of national planning in our history."""
What did the Louisiana Purchase do? What year?

"Secured 828
What is the importance of the Erie Canal? What year was it opened?

Opened a western shipping channel from NYC to the Great Lakes. Opened in 1825.
What year was the 1st tenement housing built in Manhattan?

1855
"What was the ""Homestead Act of 1862"""

"Federal legislation that promoted western development by providing any family a 1/4 of twnshp (160 acres). It was given to them if they lived there for 5 years and built a house
"What was the ""Morrell Act""? Year?"

"Federal legislation of 1862 that authorized land grants to the states so that they could use the proceeds to establish colleges in agriculture
What was the 1st group to push for higher sanitary and housing standards in NYC? Year?

New York Council Hygiene of the Citizen's Association in 1864
Explain what the Transcontinental Railroad was? Year?

"The connection of the western and eastern railroad lines (Union Pacific and Central Pacific) at Promontory Point
What instigated the first tenement legislation in NYC? Year? How many tenement houses existed at that time?

"A 1867 report by the NY Council of Hygiene of the Citizen's Association. 15
What are the major points addressed by the NYC tenement law of 1867?

"Required that all tenements have: 1) window or ventilation in every sleeping room
"When was the 1st ""Dumbbell"" tenement built? What was it?"

Built in 1879 it is was a multifamily style of housing that was shaped like a dumbell
What was the Public Health Movement?

Advocated worker safety and public health as a result of poor factory conditions. Also addressed slum living conditions marked by open sewage in the streets & disease.
When was the 1st US Geological Survey Completed?

1879
What prompted the founding of the Sierra Club? Year? By whom?

"The need to promote
What was the General Land Law Revision Act? Year?

Gave the US President power to create forest preserves by proclamation in 1891
Explain the significance of the Garden City Movement. Name the 1st 2 cities.

Ebenezer Howard's city design which extolled the virtue of nature over cities and sought a return to pre-industrial small villages. Letchworth & Welwyn.
What book is created with starting the Garden City Movement? Year?

"Ebenezer Howard's ""To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
What event propelled the City Beautiful Movement? Year?

"The design of the World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair)
What was the first zoning ordinance? When?

San Francisco passed the land use zoning ordinance on the location of obnoxious uses in 1867.
When was the first census conducted? Who did it?

"1790 - 1792
What book is created with starting housing reforms?

"Jacob Riis's ""How the Other Half Lives"" publish in 1890 about NYC slums."
"What was the ""Forest Management Act""? Year?"

Federal legislation which allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves. 1891.
NAFTA

"Established a trade bloc (free trade agreement) implemented January 1
Trade Bloc

"A large free trade area formed by one or more tax
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)

"Administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provides grants to States
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Purpose

Reduce the loss of life and property due to natural disasters and to enable mitigation measures to be implemented during the immediate recovery from a disaster.
e-Government

"Refers to government???s use of information and communication technology (ICT) to exchange information and services with citizens
e-Government

"Includes internet
Urban Growth Boundary (UGB)

"A regional boundary
Green Belt

"A policy or land use designation used in land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped
Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)

"A method for protecting land by transferring the ""rights to develop"" from one area and giving them to another."
Purchase of Development Rights (PDR)

"A method for protecting land
Dillon's Rule

"Municipal governments only have the powers that are expressly granted to them by the state legislature
Vested Right

"Refers to when a developer/property owner has the right to develop a property - if they have a building permit
Zoning Text Amendment

Changes the rules regarding the use and development of every property in a specified zoning district
Zoning map amendment

Change the zoning from residential to commercial on the property
Variance

"an administrative exception to land use regulations
Replat

"Any change in any street layout
Kelo v. City of New London (2005)

Affirmed the use of eminent domain for economic development
Lingle v. Chevron (2005)

"Jettisoned the ""substantially advances"" test for takings"
Highest population density according to the 2000

"New York has a population density of 10
Americans with Disabilities Act

1990
Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)

Was adopted in 1972 to provides funding for coastal state programs designed to coordinate and regulate specific activities within defined coastal zones
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

Required both the private and public sectors to conform to certain environmental standards
Enterprise fund

Established to manage the revenues and expenditures of a golf course
UGB

Urban Growth Boundary is the most effective method for preventing development in specified geographic areas.
Christopher Stone's book Should Trees Have Standing

"The Sierra Club v. Morton
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare
City Beautiful Movement

"Includes civic design as a primary principle. Cities such as DC and Chicago had large parks
Fred French Investing Co. v. City of New York

Found that Transfer of Development Rights is an inappropriate method to compensate the landowner for a taking by the City of New York.
Fiscal impact analysis

Best used for a single development project to determine the revenues and expenses of the project.
New Urbanism

Peter Calthorpe
Advocacy Planning in Cleveland

Krumholz
Smart growth

Promotes a variety of housing choices to allow people of all income and household types to have a place to live.
Section 8

This housing program provides funds to pay a portion of the rent for low-income households. The amount paid depends on the household income
Concentric Circle Theory

"Ernest Burgess (1925). Cities grow in a series of outward rings. Centered by a business district surrounded by a transition zone filled with low-income
Neotraditional Development

"Calls for nodes of activity that provide Mixed Use
BART

"1972
Plat

"Consists of a map
First shopping center

"Northgate Shopping Center
"First modern

enclosed regional shopping mall"
Edge City

"Relatively new concentration of business
Daylighting

"the practice of placing windows
Transect

A term used by New Urbanist town planners to refer to the varieties of land use from an urban core to a rural boundary.
Workforce Housing

"Can refer to almost any housing
What type of land accounts for about 2/3 of the privately held lands in the US?

Agricultural
Empowerment Zone

An economically depresed area designated for governmental subsidies and tax incentives.
43560

Square feet in an acre.
Advocacy Planner

Serves a variety of groups with different goals and interests.
Cincinnati

First city to adopt a comprehemsive plan
Primary purpose of a fiscal impact analysis

To assist city or county officials determine if a project will generate sufficient revenue to defray necessary public service costs
Important elements of a Historic Preservation Program

"Educational materials for historic building owners
LULU

Locally Undesirable Land Uses such as waste dump
Megalopolis

An area with multiple-cities with a combined population of more than 10 million inhabitants
Which city was home to the first Council of Government?

Chicago
Which of the following cities experienced the greatest population decrease between 1990 and 2000?

Detroit
Metropolitan Planning Organizations

"Responsible for reviewing and coordinating programs affecting the region
The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook

Created by the APA to encourage states to revise their standard state zoning enabling acts?
President Clinton did which of the following in 2000?

Created eight new national monuments.
President George H. Bush did which of the following in 1994?

Signed NAFTA legislation
Vieux Carre Commission

"Was the first Historic Preservation Commission for the French Quarter in New Orleans
Lowering a thermostat by 1 degree Fahrenheit can reduce a heating bill by

0.03
The amount of goods and serviced produced in the United States during a year

Gross Domestic Product
How many federally recognized Native American tribes are there in the United States?

562
Non-IRA tribes

Did not organize under the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act.
How much solid waste does the typical household create?

"Approximately 4.5 lbs. per person
Regression

The analysis between two or more variables (x) and (y).
Urban Development Action Grant (UDAG) program

"Established 1977 to help distressed communities develop economically. facilitates public-private partnerships
Hoover Dam is located on the border of which states?

Arizona & Nevada
Which city had the first metropolitan plan in the United States?

Chicago
When was the first National Conference on City Planning?

1909
How is the official unemployment rate calculated?

Individuals unemployed divided by individuals 16 years of age and older in the labor force
Concentric Zone Theory

"The use of ???invasion-succession??? in describing dynamics
Indian Reorganization Act

1934 - organization of Native Americans and allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare.
Limnology

"The study of (natural and manmade) lakes and ponds
Census Tract

"A small
"New York City

1916"
The Morrill Act (1862)

"Congress gave public land to each state to be sold for the establishment of ???engineering
Zero Lot Line

"A form of development where the the building is sited on one or more lot lines with no yard
What year did the Panama Canal open?

1914
The first Council of Government was created in what year?

1954
Storm sewers are typically designed to handle up to what year flood?

25
Dezoning

Reducing the intensity of zoning on a site.
"Explain the ""Per Se"" test for takings"

That there is a loss of all economically viable use of the land
What was the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act?

1926 legislation that established the right for comprehensive planning.
What act was a model for early zoning & enabling legislation

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act of 1926
What gives governments the right to establish land use laws

"Police Powers to protect the heath
"What is a ""Physical Envasion"" takings?"

An act of government whereby they encroach or invade private property rights (ie: easement without compensation).
"Explain the ""Essential Nexus"" test."

A takings legal test that considers if there is an evident linkage between the effect of the regulations & the governments stated interest or intent. Legislative Intent = Legitimate Government Authority.
"Explain the ""Rough Proportionality"" test"

A takings test that considers if the results of a legislation/ action is directly related both in nature & extent to the impact of the law. Government Actions = Outcomes.
What is the legal purpose of zoning?

"To protect the public's health
"Explain the ""Rational Basis"" test"

That the government action is based in a reasonable government interest. Action = Legitimate exercise of Police Power.
"Explain the ""Fairly Debatable"" test"

"That a reviewer if given the same conditions and measures
Variance

Planning Process to add a built addition
Zoning Text Amendment

Changes the rules regarding the use and development of every property in a specified zoning district
Zoning map amendment

Change the zoning from residential to commercial on the property
Replat

Divide the lot into two or more parcels.
Kelo v. City of New London (2005)

Affirmed the use of eminent domain for economic development
Lingle v. Chevron (2005)

"Jettisoned the ""substantially advances"" test for takings"
First Amendment

"The first amendment covers freedom of speech
Highest population density according to the 2000

"New York has a population density of 10
Americans with Disabilities Act

1990
Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)

Was adopted in 1972 to provides funding for coastal state programs designed to coordinate and regulate specific activities within defined coastal zones
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

Required both the private and public sectors to conform to certain environmental standards
Enterprise fund

Established to manage the revenues and expenditures of a golf course
UGB

Urban Growth Boundary is the most effective method for preventing development in specified geographic areas.
Christopher Stone's 1972 book Should Trees Have Standing

"The book discusses the Sierra Club v. Morton
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare
City Beautiful Movement

"Includes civic design as a primary principle. Cities such as DC and Chicago had large parks
Fred French Investing Co. v. City of New York

Found that Transfer of Development Rights is an inappropriate method to compensate the landowner for a taking by the City of New York.
Fiscal impact analysis

Best used for a single development project to determine the revenues and expenses of the project.
New Urbanism

Peter Calthorpe
Krumholz???s

Advocacy Planning in Cleveland
Smart growth

romotes a variety of housing choices to allow people of all income and household types to have a place to live.
Section 8

This housing program provides funds to pay a portion of the rent for low-income households. The amount paid depends on the household income
Concentric Circle Theory

"By Ernest Burgess in 1925. He believed that cities grow in a series of outward rings. Land use is based on the distance from the downtown. There were five rings to his theory. The first is CBD
Neotraditional development

"Calls for nodes of activity that provide Mixed Use
BART

Began in 1972 in San Francisco
When and where was the first City Planning Conference?

1909 - Washington DC
What book was the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level? When was it published and who was the author?

1912 - Wackers Manual of the Plan of Chicago - Walter Moody
"Carrying Out the City Plan - Who wrote it

why is it important
"AIP - what does it stand for

when was it founded
When was the first issue of City Planning published

"In 1925
When was ASPO founded and what does it stand for?

"In 1934
When was the first code of ethics for professional planners adopted?

"In 1971
When was the first exam for AIP membership administered?

"In 1977
When was the APA created and what two organizations joined to form it?

"In 1978
Who published the first isue of the Journal of Planning Education. When was it published?

"In 1981
What city passed the first land use zoning restriction on the location of obnxoxius uses? What year was it passed?

"In 1867
Which City created the first local civic center plan. What year was it created and what 3 individuals worked on the plan's development?

"In 1903
What city was the first to apply the City beautiful principles? What year was the plan finished and who wrote it?

"In 1906
When and where was the first town planning board created?

"In 1907
Who created the first metropolitan regional plan? What City was it completed for and what year was it completed?

"In 1909
Which state was the first to pass enabling legislation and which City was the first to use land use zoning to guide development? What year?

1909 - Wisconsin was the first state to pass enabling legislation and Los Angeles was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development.
When and where was the first full-time employee hired for a City Planning Commission? What was the commissioners name?

"In 1914
What City adopted the first comprehensive zoning code? Who wrote it and when was it adopted?

"In 1916
What county formed the first regional planning commission? When?

"In 1922
When were the Standard state zoning enabling act and the Standard City Planning enabling act and the issued? Who issued it and when?

"In 1924
What was the first major US city to adopt a comp plan? Who produced it and when?

"In 1925
When was the first National Planning Board created? When was it abolished?

"In 1933
Where and when was the first federally supported public housing built? Where was the first housing occupied?

"In 1934
"What was the first state to introduce statewide zoning? When was it introduced

and when was it amended?"
"Which US department released the first Standard City Planning Enabling Act? When

and who was the Secretary in charge?"
Who wrote How the other Half lives? When was it published and what did it influence?

"How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis
What book initiated the Garden City movement? Who wrote it and when was it published?

"Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform by Ebenezer Howard
What book was adopted as a textbook for eigth graders in Chicago?

"Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago by Walter Moody
The first major textbook on City Planning - Author and date?

"Carrying Out the City Plan by Flavel Shurtleff
Who wrote Cities in Evolution? when was it written and what is the book about?

"Cities in Evolution by Patrick Geddess
Who wrote Planning of the Modern City? when?

"Planning of the Modern City by Nelson Lewis
What book did Ladislas Segoe write? When was it published and why is it relevant?

"Local Planning Administration by Ladislas Segoe
Who wrote Urban Land Use Planning? when?

"Urban Land Use Planning by F. Stuart Chapin
What book did Kevin Lynch write? what concepts did it introduce/design?

"Image of the City by Kevin Lynch
"Jane Jacobs - book name

date
Who wrote silent Spring and what is it about?

"Silent Spring by Rachel Carlson
What book did TJ Kent write? when?

"The Urban General Plan by TJ Kent
What book did Alfred Reins write? when? whis is it improtant?

"With Heritage So Rich edited by Alfred Reins
Who wrote design with nature? when? what is it about?

"Design with Nature by Ian McHarg
What book did Wiliam Whyte write? when? what does the book promote?

"The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces by Wiliam Whyte
Thomas Adams

was an important planner during the Garden City movement. secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth. He developed a number of garden suburbs in England and later went on to teach planning at MIT and Harvard.
Saul Alinsky

"advocate of community organizing. organized Chicago???s poor late 1930s and 1940s. 1946 published Reveille for Radicals encouraged poor to become involved in American democracy. published Rules for Radicals
Sherry Arnstein

wrote ???A Ladder of Citizen Participation??? for the Journal of the American Planning Association in 1969. This article describes the levels of involvement by citizens depending on the form of participation utilized.
Rachel Carson

"wrote Silent Spring
Rexford Tugwell

"Resettlement Administration head.worked on greenbelt cities program
Sir Raymond Unwin

was an English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University.
Catherine Bauer Wurster

founder of American housing policy. worked to reform policy related to housing and city planning.served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America.wrote Modern Housing. Influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.
The McMillan Plan

1901 - City Beautiful design is the McMillan Plan of 1901 for Washington D.C.
The Land Ordinance of 1785

provided for rectangular land survey of Old Northwest.completed following the end of the Revolutionary War.provided systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public.established sections and townships.goal to raise money through the sale of land
Homestead Act

"1862-Lincoln-provided 160 acres land to settlers for $18 and guaranteed five years of residence.resulted in settlement of 270 million acres
General Land Law Revision Act

1891 was passed by Congress. This Act provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.one of the earliest preservation efforts. Yellowstone Park was granted as part of this act
"Forest Management Act

"
US Reclamation Act

1902- allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems.led to the eventual damming of nearly every major western river.
Public Lands Commission

"In 1903
Antiquities Act

1906-first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites.allowed for the designation of National Monuments.created to protect prehistoric Indian ruins and artifacts.president can designate national monuments without congress approval.
The Resettlement Administration

formed in 1935 to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform. The result was the development of Greenbelt towns. folded in January of 1937. brainchild of Rexford G. Tugwell in Franklin Roosevelt's administration.
Serviceman's Readjustment Act

"1944 commonly known as the GI Bill
Resettlement Administration

"Roosevelt-1935. This agency was responsible for the New Towns program which developed 0three cities based on Howard's (garden city) ideas: Greendale
New Towns Act

1946- UK led to the development of dozen communities based on Howard's ideas
Park Forest IL

following WWI - New town
Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe

Developed the Cincinnati Plan 1925. First comp plan ever
McMillan Plan

plan for Washington DC - City Beautiful -1901
The Regional Plan for New York and Environs

"Between 1922 and 1929
U.S. Housing Act of 1954

required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under Section 701. problem - it led to the creation of plans for the purpose of acquiring federal funds rather than to truly plan for communities.
first skyscraper

chicago 1885
first dept. store

salt lake city 1868
first subway

boston 1897
first comprehensive zoning ordinance

NYC 1916
ADT

Average Daily Traffic
ADDT

Annual Daily Traffic
VMT

Vehicle miles Traveled
Principal Arterials

"serve longer trips
Minor Arterials

"interconnect the principal arterials
Collectors

"provide both land access and traffic circulation with residential
Local Streets

provide direct access to adjacent land and to the higher classified streets
Orgin Destination Study

a detailed survey to estimate travel demands on a traffic system. Road blocks set up and motorists within the cordon area asked questions on where they are traveling to/from.
Peek Hour/period

the highest volume of traffic in a day
Level of Service

the ability of a road or street to accommodate traffic flow determines the level of service provided. Free flowing
single-family residential

10 Vehicle Trips per Unit
planned unit developments

8 Vehicle Trips per Unit
duplexes and townhouses

7 Vehicle Trips per Unit
apartments & condos

6 Vehicle Trips per Unit
mobile homes

5.5 Vehicle Trips per Unit
retirement homes

3.5 Vehicle Trips per Unit
shopping center

Range of parking: 1:1000 to 5:1000 (spaces:Gross Leasable Area)
office

Range of Parking: 1:2000 to 3:1000 (spaces:Gross Leasable Area)
general office

1:300 (spaces:gross floor area)
office & medical center

Range of Parking: 1:10 to 3:4 (spaces:employees)
medical center

Range of Parking: 3:4 to 9:2 (spaces:beds)
university/college

Range of Parking: 1:10 to 1:2 (spaces:students)
university/college

Range of Parking: 4:5 (spaces:staff persons)
hotel

Range of Parking needed: 1:5 to 3:2 (spaces:rooms)
restaurant

Range of Parking Needed: 5:1000 to 25:1000 (spaces:Gross Leasable Area)
resident

Range of Parking Needed: 1:5 to 2:1 (spaces:units)
cross tabulation model

"estimates trip generation rates based on land use type
gravity model

provides trip estimates based on proportional attractiveness of the zone and inversely proportional to the trip length.
trip distribution

examines where people are going. Regions are divided into traffic zones (TZA)and data is provided on # of trips between zones.
Modal Split

"deals with how people get to where they want to go. car
Highway Capacity Manual

"provides concepts
Level of Service (LOS)

ranges from A to F based on amount of congestion. A = freeflowing and F means heavily congested with reduced speeds and increased time to get through traffic signals.
Federal Aid Highway Act

"adopted in 1944 based on President Roosevelts 1939 system of highways the Act designated 65
Public Roads Administration (PRA)

responcible for implementing the interstate highway system. It did not have funding until 1952.
Road Design

focuses on everything from the nature of the street to actual design guidelines for local streets.
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA)

"Provied funding for highways
Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs)

"created to meet federal requirements for urban transportation planning. Federal Aid Highway Act required urban areas w/ populations in excess of 50
Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)

"In MPOs with population of 200
Transportation Demand Management (TDM)

"General term used to describe strategies for the efficient use of transportation. (car sharing
Tranit Oriented Development (TOD)

resiential and commercial developments designed to maximize access to different modes of transportation. Focus is not on car travel.
traffic calming

"involves changes in street alignment
"43

560 square feet of area within property lines of a lot or parcel."
A tax on property that is calculated based on a percent of value of the property taxed.

Ad Valorem Tax
"Housing developed through some combination of zoning incentives

cost-effective construction techniques
"Any law

regulation
"A zoning board of appeals has apellate jursidiction to review determinations of the zoning enforcement officer. Land use decisions of ZBA's

Planning Boards
"Districts usually to provide a single service such as schools

water
A map showing the essential natural or man-determined features of an area such aslot lines. Used as the starting point for many planning activities.

Base Map
"An Interest bearing certificate issued by a government or business

promising to pay the holder a specified sum on a specified date- it is a common means of raising capital funds."
"A local body

created by ordinance
"A local body

created by ordinance
"Method of solicting random ideas

concepts
"An intensive

interactive problem solving process with meetings convened around the development of specific plans."
Citizens groups presumed to represent the ideas and attitudes of local groups- the purpose to advise the planning agency.

Citizen Advisory Groups
A document or series of documents prepared by a planning commission or department setting forth policies for the future of a community.

Comprehensive Plan
Lines on a topographical map that indicate slope.

Contour Lines
A right given by the owner of land to another party for specific limited use of that land.

Easement
"Legislation passed by the state legislature authorizing cities

towns
"The legal right of government to acquire or ""take"" private property for public use or public purpose upon paying just compensation to the owner."

Eminent Domain
"Traditional as-of-right or self-executing zoning in which district regulations are explicit- residential

commercial
A contribution or payment required as an authorized precondition for receiving a development permit.

Exaction
A zoning district whose requirements are fully described in the text of the ordinance but which is unmapped.

Floating Zone
"Computer mapping system that produces multiple ""layers"" of graphic information about a community or region."

GIS
Analysis used in transportation planning that eveluates the relationship between the force of attraction and the generation of vehicular trips.

Gravity Model
Broad statements of ideal future conditions that are desired by the communtiy and contained in the comprehensive plan.

Goals
A business conducted in a residential dwelling unit that is incidental and subordinate to the primary residential use.

Home Occupation
"The effective taking or reduction in value of a property as a result of public action

in contrast to a direct taking through eminent domain."
A system of describing & identifying land by measures and direction from and identifiable point of reference.

Base and meridian
An in-depth study that attempts to discover all the underlying economic factors that affect a community's growth or decline.

Economic Base Study
A range of values that includes a certain populations parameter with a given probability.

Confidence Interval
A technique developed to monitor the real pattern of money flows.

Input-Output Modeling
"A technically integrated and jurisdictionally coordinated transportation system with such features as freeway management systems

advanced traffic surveillance
Component of the General Plan that establishes land use goals and policies.

Land Use Element
A region's percentage share of a particular activity with its percentage share of the local versus National Market.

Location Quotient
Relatively free flow of traffic with little or no limitation on movement.

Level of Service A
Steady flow of traffic with only slight delays in travel. Some limitations on speed and movement. All vehicles clear light in a single cycle.

Level of Service B
"Reasonable steady

high volume flow of traffic with some limitations on movement and speed
"Traffic nears an unstable flow. Intersections still functional

but short queues develop and cars may have to wait through one cycles during short peaks."
"Characterized by slow movement and frequent stoppages. Congestion is considered severe

but not uncommon at peak traffic hours
Unsatisfactory stop and go traffic characterized by traffic jams and stoppages of long duration. Cars usually have to wait through one or more signal cycles.

Level of Service F
"The process where one sets lower bounds for the various objectives that

if attained
New development designed with the pedestrian in mind.

TND or Traditional Neighborhood District
Retrofitting of existing suburbs with new growth areas along pedestrian areas around public transportation hubs.

PP or Pedestrian Pockets
A process in which general agreement is reached over a period of time people with divergent interests.

Concensus Building
"Effort of a third party

usually a single person to persuade disputants to come to an agreement."
Method of assessing project alternatives by wseighting alternatives according to citizen group goals.

Goals Achievement Matrix (GAM)
Put planning related issue on ballot - challenges existing i.e. adopted plan

Referendum
Used to facilitate meaningful discussions through a moderator - developed by Rand Corporation

Delphi Method
To represent disadvantaged segments of population

Advocacy Planning
"Planning approach for comprehensive plans

census in community
"Use change one aspect of plan- known as ""science of muddling through""

short-term problems with little time and little money."
"Developed in 1960s to get public involved- planning by people for people- communituy meetings

quality of life not delivery of services."
"Planning that does not work

i.e. allow neighborhood to take over planning functions."
"Solve Societys ills through physical planning

""Visionary""
"Clear method used to achieve an undefined/unknown means e.g. zoning reviews

public hearings
Rooted in agriculture most humanly valuable. T. Jefferson & Hector St John de Crevecoeur

Agrarian (1800s)
total unrestricted competition in society ultimately benefits & individual hardships from competition essential to ultimate good of state. Exploit the poor...

Laissez Faire (1800s)
"Gov't involvement in public health & safety of worker. max standards

min hsg standards
"Beauty of public works projects to attract wealthy

pleasant life of poor
"Create broad

tree lined aves
"Burnham

Lomsted
"Big business lost interest

awarenesss of corruption-movement declined but emphasis of physical site planning was internalized in planning movements regulating development of suburbs."
"Began with Columbian Expo at Chicago worlds fair in 1893

White City
"Anti-urban

agarian
"Ebenezer Howard ""Tommorrow Peaceful Path to Reform 1898)"

Garden City ((1920s in US)
"Lethchworth

England 1903-20
"Influenced by Howard's cities & Ray Unwin's ""Hampstead Gardens"" (1907). 1st compr suburban neighborhood design

planning & physical design of residential with spatial open
"City of Motor Age

superblocks & cul-de-sacs
"Not really ""Garden City"" DID NOT HAVE planned greenbelt

not self-contained
"Emergency Relief Act 1935

admin by Rural Resettlement Admin
Never built because RRA stopped by courts -Fed govt couldn't use power of eminent domain that way.

"Greenbrook
Massive land subdivisions and single-family hsg projects with few community facilities & built on model of war hsg projects of 1940s.

"New Towns: Levittown
"Major amenities

large open spaces
Overlapping communities

New Towns: Columbia MD (1960s)
What is a DELPHI study

An analysis technique that utilizes surveys & anonymous experts
What are the 3 key elements of a DELPHI study

"1) structure of information flow (surveys
A DELPHI study can best study what type of problem

"Simplistic
What two project management techniques model a network/sequence of parrell & corresponding tasks?

PERT & CPM
What is PERT?

Program Evaluation & Review Technique
What is CPM?

Critical Path Method
What is the difference between PERT & CPM

PERT: VARIABLE task times. CPM: FIXED task times.
Why does the task increment escalate in 10s in PERT

In order that new tasks may be inserted as project progresses
What two management principles deal with a hierachy of needs?

Maslow & ERG
What does ERG stand for?

"Existence
What is the primary differences between Maslow & ERG?

"Maslow: a large # multiple steps
What is a Gantt chart?

"Schematic that shows the steps/tasks of project on a parrelle
What is a WBS

"Work Breakdown Stucture. It is a form of a Gantt chart
What role does a WBS play in project planning

Used prior to a CPM or PERT in order to identify the tasks
What is ZBB

Zero Based Budgeting. It is a budget process which assumes that the baseline budget each fiscal cycle is zero.
Why is ZBB good for government?

Because it helps ensure that projects are still needed & helps prevent spending from spiraling out of control.
What is a fiscal impact analysis?

Estimates the impact of a development or a land use change on the costs and revenues of governmental units serving the development.
What does a fiscal impact analysis evaluate?

"revenues
What is the benefit of a fiscal impact analysis

"Estimates the difference between the costs of providing services to a new development and the revenues???taxes and user fees
What is a cohort survival or logitudinal study?

"A study that evaluates the same group
What is a shift-share study?

Land use study that evaluates the shift in a given issue's share (ie: population/employment) from one area to another.
What is a cost-benefit analysis?

A management study that evaluates the benefits of a solution (including programatic & personnel) costs to the value / benefit of the outcome.
Why is a cost-benefit analysis useful

Determine if a project/solution is worth implementing.
Best way to solicit citzen input in plan making

Neighborhood group leaders and citizen committees
Most effective way to generate adequate citizen participation

Developing a multi-faceted public information program
Common citizen surveys

"Mailed-inexpensive but slow
Charrette

Intensive interactive problem-solving process convened around development of specific plans. Experts within & outside community.
Citizen Advisory Committee

Citizens groups presumed to represent the ideas and attitudes of local residents. Purpose to advise planning agency.
Planners primary obligation

Serve the public interest
Citizen referendum

Citizens vote their approval or disapproval of a public measure by official ballot.
Delphi technique

Used to develop consensus between two or more groups that are in conflict. Develop goals & objectives. Group facilitation skills.
Focus Groups

Representative sample of a community. Facilitated in an informal setting directed toward a specific subject.
Ladder of Citizen Participation: Sherry R. Arnstein

"Defines citizen participation in terms of amount of control citizens have over policy decision. without distribution of power citizen participation is ""empty ritual""."
Factors are important to determining populaiton projections

"Migration
Tiger file

"Digital database of geographic features
Cohort survival method of population projection

"The study of a group by a specific characteristic (age
Housing Unit Method (HUM)

A process of using housing data for population projections
Symptomatic indicators

Data series such as building permits that are reflective of population change and can be used in developing current population estimates
Composite method for estimating populations

"Takes various age groups and determines the estimate for each
Constant share technique

"Assumes that the portion of a sample's type (people
Shift share technique

An projection for employment / population that takes into account the shift/movement of jobs & people from or to a community
Flood Plain Map

A map that shows the vulnerability of a flood according to the 100 year flood
Soil Map

A map showing the distribution of soil types or other soil mapping units in a relation to the prominent and cultural features of the earth???s surface
Soil Profile

A cross section of the earth's showing the makeup of the soil layers
Agency responsible for soil map database

NRCS (National Resource Conservation Service) division of US Dept of Agricultarue
Agency responsible for floodplain maps

FEMA
USGS orthophoto

An aerial photograph that has been altered in such a way that the lens distortions are removed & so that it may be scaled for mapping purposes
Scale of a USGS orthophoto

"1:12
Electronic town meeting

Electronic tool used to gather public feedback on the WTC proposals
USGS topographic map

"Scales = uses 1:24
Only map to cover the entire US in detail

USGS topographic map
First Year USGS topographic map produced

1879
Topographical map

A map that uses contour lines to portray the shape and elevation of the land. Topographic maps render the three-dimensional ups and downs of the terrain on a two-dimensional surface
Information on Topographical map

"Both natural and manmade features. Natural features include: mountains
How many USGS topographic maps total?

55000
Plan making

"A three part process includes 1) Goals and visions
Visioning

A process whereby citizens attend a series of meetings that provide the opportunity to offer input on how the community could be in the future.
Strategic Planning

Short-term in focus & specific in accomplishing certain objectives.
Strategic Planning

"Used to assist an organization in guiding its future. Strategic planning sets goals
Goal

"A general statement that may not be realized
Objective

A more specific and attainable statement.
Survey

Research method that allows one to collect data on a topic that cannot be directly observed. Surveys are used extensively in planning to assess attitudes and characteristics of the public on a wide range of topics.
Cross-sectional survey

Gathers information about a population at a single point in time
Longitudinal surveys

Gathers information about a population over a period of time
Written surveys

"Mailed
Group-administered surveys

Used for specifc populations. Allows a high and quick response rate. This survey method requires a small sample size.
Drop-off Survey

Survey left at someone???s residence or business to be completed. Response rates are higher than mail surveys because of personal contact with the respondent. Expensive due to time required to distribute. Sample size smaller than mail surveys.
Phone/Oral Interview Surveys

Useful for yes/no answers. Allows follow up on answers. Response rate varies greatly. Expensive method because of the time to complete. Can be biased by interaction with the interviewer. Difcult to use long questions and multiple answers w/ this method.
Electronic surveys

Growing in popularity. Administered on web or via e-mail. Inexpensive method that can generate quick responses. This method has a higher response rate than written or interview surveys. Downside will not reach people w/o Internet access.
Floor Area Ratio (FAR)

"Is the ratio of the gross floor area of the building to its ground area. It is used primarily to determine building density on a site or
Small Scale Map

Shows a large land area with little detail.
Large Scale Map

Shows a limited land area in great detail.
Contour lines

Show lines of equal elevation.
Contour Interval

"Show distance between contour lines. The closer together the contour lines are
Slope

The change in elevation divided by the horizontal distance.
Slope of 0-0.5%

"No drainage
Slope of 0.5-1%

"No problems
Slope of 1 - 3%

Slight problems for large commercial areas acceptable for residential
Slope of 3 - 5%

Major problems for commercial/industrial/large scale residential
Slope of 5-10%

Suitable only for specially designed development.
"Scale of 1:24

000"
1 acre 43 560 square feet

43 560 square feet
Normal Distribution

Symmetrical dispersion around the mean. This is a bell curve.
Population

The total of a collection.
Sample

A subset of the population.
Descriptive Statistics

Describe the characteristics of a population.
Inferential Statistics

Determines characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population. What is observed in the sample is assumed to apply to the population.
Central Tendancy

"The typical or representative value of a dataset. Can be reported by a variety ways including mean
Mean

Average of a distribution.
Median

The middle number of a distribution.
Mode

The most frequent number in a distribution
Nominal data

Data that is classified into mutually exclusive groups that lack intrinsic order. Race and sex are examples of nominal data. Mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used for this data type.
Ordinal data

"Data values are ordered so that inferences can be made regarding magnitude
Interval data

"data that has an ordered relationship with a magnitude
Ratio data

Data has an ordered relationship and equal intervals. Distance is an example--2 miles is twice as long as 1 mile. Any form of central tendency can be used for this type of data.
Range

"Simplest measure of dispersion
Variance

The average squared difference of scores from the mean score of a distribution.
Standard deviation

is the square root of the variance.
Standard Error

The standard deviation of a sampling distribution. Standard errors indicate the degree of sampling fluctuation. The larger the sample size the smaller the standard error.
Confidence Interval

Gives an estimated range of values that is likely to include an unknown population parameter. The width of the confidence interval gives us an idea of how uncertain we are about the unknown parameter.
Hypothesis

A statement expressing a relationship. Makes a prediction of what you are trying to prove.
Null hypothesis

Relationship makes no difference relationship has resulted from random chance.
Alternate hypothesis

States the hypothesis the research expects to support the possibility that an observed effect is genuine
Major population estimation and projection methods

"Linear
Linear Method

Uses the rate of growth (or decline) in population over a period of time to estimate the current or future population.
Symptomatic Method

Uses available data to estimate the current population.
Step-Down Ratio Method

"Uses the ratio between the population of a city and a county (or larger geographical unit) at a known point in time
Cohort Survival Method

Uses the current population plus natural increase and net migration to calculate a future population. The population is calculated for men and women in specific age groups.
Net Migration

The difference between the number of people moving in and the number of people moving out.
Economic Base Analysis

"looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported
Basic Economic Activites

"Those that can be exported
Non-Basic Activities

Locally oriented.
Location-Quotient (LQ)

"A ratio of an industry???s share of local employment divided by its share of the nation (or other level of government). A ratio of less than 1 indicates that an area imports an industry???s products or services
Shift-Share Analysis

"Analyzes a local economy in comparison with a larger economy. This analysis looks at the differential shift
Input-output analysis

"Quantitative method to assist in economic policy decision-making. The analysis links suppliers and purchasers to determine the economic output of a region. Identifies primary suppliers
Household Income

Defined in terms of the amount of income they earn relative to 100% of the Area Median Income
Area Median Income (AMI)

"Refers to the middle or midpoint income for a particular area. The term is used to estimate the ""average"" income for a particular area."
Moderate income households

Earn between 80-120% of Area Median Income.
Low income households

Earn between 50-80% of Area Median Income.
Very low income households

Earn no more than 50% of Area Median Income.
Poverty thresholds

Used for calculating all official poverty population statistics
Poverty guidelines

Simplified version used for administrative purposes e.g. determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs.
Poverty Rate

12.6 percent (increased for 4 years from 2000 - 2004)
Median household Income

"$46
Baby Boomers

People born between 1946 and 1964.
Generation X

People born between 1965 and 1976.
Echo Boom (Generation Y)

People born between 1977 and 2000.
Megalopolis

"A many-centered
Urban cluster

"A contiguous
Urbanized Area

"A contiguous
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)

Digital data about the elevation of the earth's surface as it varies across communities allows planners to analyze and map it.
Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR )

"Uses a laser
Fiscal Impact Analysis

Used to estimate the costs and revenues of a proposed development on a local government.
Average Per Capita Method

Divides the total local budget by the existing population in a city to determine the average per-capita cost for the jurisdiction. Type of Fiscal Impact Analysis
Adjusted Per Capita Method

Varries fiscal impact based on expectations about the new development. Type of Fiscal Impact Analysis
Disaggregated Per Capita Method

Estimates the costs and revenues based on major land uses. Type of Fiscal Impact Analysis
Dynamic Method

Applies statistical analysis to time-series data from a jurisdiction. Type of Fiscal Impact Analysis
The Ordinance of 1785

Established a system of rectangular survey coordinates for virtually all of the country west of the Appalachians. Established the basis for the Public Land Survey System.
Public Land Survey System

"Land was to be systematically surveyed into square townships
TIGER Files Include

"Roads
Base Map

"Type of map used as a starting point for many planning projects
All communications with the Executive Director regarding specific ethical situations should occur using which methods of communication?

Phone and/or Letters
The necessity of the highest standards of fairness and honesty among participants of the planning process is required because?

Planning issues usually involve: conflict of values and large private interests.
The planning process exists???why?

To serve the public interest.
Ethical principles 1. The planning process must continuously _______and faithfully ______the public interest.

Pursue- Serve
Ethical principle 2. Planning process participants continuously strive to achieve high standards of _______ and proficiency so that the public respect for the planning process will be maintained.

integrity
Planner???s primary obligation?

To serve the public interest
What is formulated through continuous debate

The definition of public interest
Planners Owe alliance to what?

Conscientiously attained concept of the public interest
"Who does a planner owe diligent

creative independent and competent performance to?"
"Diligent

Creative
"A Planner should strive for high ________ of professional integrity

__________ and knowledge."
Who can you seek informal advise on ethics from?

Ethics Officer
Is the informal advice from the Ethic officer binding upon the AICP?

"No
A formal advisory ruling request on the propriety of any professional planner???s conduct must be submitted in writing to whom?

Only the Ethics Officer
Will the Ethics Officer provide a written charge of misconduct to the person who is accused with the misconduct (respondent)?

Yes
What will Ethics Officer do after receiving an alleged charge of misconduct and providing a copy to the person being accused?

Determine if the charges warrant an investigation
The Ethics Officer with or without an investigation may do which two things?

1. Dismiss the charge- 2. Issue a complaint against the respondent
"At least _______ before the hearing

the Ethics Officer and the Respondent shall exchange lists of proposed witnesses who will testify
"When an appeal is filed to an Ethics Officer???s decision

who gets to make the next determination?"
"If there is disputed matter in an ethics complaint and the respondent is granted a hearing with the Ethics Committee

are the formal rules of evidence used?"
Identified Charging Parties who are notified of the dismissal of their ethics charges shall have ___________ from the date of the receipt of their dismissal letters to file an appeal with the Ethics Committee.

Identified Charging Parties who are notified of the dismissal of their ethics charges shall have 30 calendar days from the date of the receipt of their dismissal letters to file an appeal with the Ethics Committee.
Is the AICP hearing on the Charge of Misconduct open to the public?

No
Can a settlement be reached before a complaint is issued?

"Yes
All Written opinions endorsed by the Commission or by the Ethics Committee are published. What is omitted from the publication?

"Actual Names and Places
"Unwelcome sexual advances

requests for sexual favors
"Certified planners can not perform work on a project for a client or employer if

in addition to the agreed upon compensation there is a possibility for direct personal or financial gain to us
"As salaried employee

can a certified planner undertake other employment in planning or a related profession
"If the Ethics Committee determines that the Ethics Officer has demonstrated that the Rules of Conduct have been violated

it shall also determine the appropriate sanction (3 options):"
Who can file a charge of misconduct against a Certified Planner?

"Any person
Is a planner who receives a charge of misconduct allowed legal representation?

"Yes
Submission to unwanted attention is a term or condition of employment

Sexual harrassment
Submission or rejection to unsolicted attention is used as a bases for employment decisions

Sexual harrassment
"Unwanted attention has the effect of unreasonably interfering withwork performance or creating an intimidating

hstile/offensive work environment."
The Respondent has how long from receipt of a Complaint in which to file an Answer?

30 calendar days
Who can give give formal advice on the propriety of a planner's proposed conduct?

Only the Ethics Officer
Is sexual harassment specifically cover by the AICP code of conduct?

No
The Ethics Officer will respond to requests for formal or informal advice within

21 days
Who may file a charge of misconduct against a Certified Planner?

"Any person
What standard must AICP misconduct charges meet?

"The Ethics Officer will have the burden of proving
What standard of proof must ethics charges meet?

Preponderance of the evidence
AICP Code Section A

Principles to Which We Aspire
AICP Code Section B

Our Rules of Conduct
AICP Code Section C

Our Code Procedures
Staff Functions

Provide Services to other governmental entities
Line Functions

"Provide services directly to the public (i.e. subdivision reviews
GAM stands for:

Goals Acheivement Matrix
GAM

Chart that shows the anticipated attainment of a project's goals and the assignment of accomplishing a goal to a group
Gantt Chart

Focuses on a sequence of tasks necessary for project completion. Each task is represented as a horizontal bar on an XY chart. X is time.
Linear Programming

project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solution for a project. This system takes a set of decision variables within constraints and comes up with an optimum design solution
PERT stands for:

Program Evaluationand Review Techinique
PERT

"Scheduling method that graphically illustrates the interrelationship of the project tasks. Identify milestones
CPM stands for:

Critical Path Method
CPM

"tool to analyze a project. The analysis results in a ""critical path"" through the project tasks. each task has a know amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before its previous one is completed. The longest pathway is the critical pathway."
PERT and CPM work when?

A project is of a large scale. Using software.
Strategic Planning

"used to assist in guiding the future. Sets goals
Strategic Plan should address major questions:

1. What is the current situation and how is it going to change? 2. Where are we going as an org? 3. How will we get there?
Eight elements of a Strategic Plan

1Analyze the community's needs 2Identify results-det the long-term objectives that will be pursued 3Admit uncertainties-SWOT analysis relating to the objectives 4Inv stakeholders 5.Dev & eval alt's 6ID role of City 7Dev funding policy 8Eval performance
Strategic Planning is ________ -term in focus and is specific in accomplishing certain________________

"short
An operating budget includes:

"the everyday expenditures of an organization
A capital budget includes:

"long-term purchases
Capital Budget is for the period of

one year
Capital Improvements Program is for the period of

Five to ten years
CIP includes

"project descriptions
Budgeting can be used for (name 5)

"resource allocation
Line-item Budgeting

the emphasis is on projecting the budget for the next year and adding in inflationary costs
Advantages of Line Item Budgeting

"Does not require eval of existing services
Disadvantages of Line Item Budgeting

"lack of flexibility
Line-Item Budget looks at ________ year(s) and is not linked to:

"ONE
PPBS stands for:

"Planning
PPBS is focused on planning through

accomplishing goals set by the department
Advantage of PPBS

it helps deparments place programs in perspective and evaluate efforts and accomplishments
Disadvantages of PPBS

"Time consuming
PPBS includes:

"Program mission statements
ZBB stands for:

Zero Based Budgeting
ZBB

Emphasizes Planning and fosters understanding within all units of the organization
Performance Based Budgeting is focused on

linking funding to performance measures.
Pay-as-you-go Financing

uses current funds to pay for capital improvement projects
Reserve Funds

are ones that have been saved for the purchase of future capital improvements
General Obligation Bonds

are voter approved bonds for capital improvements. GO Bonds use the tax revenue of the gov. to pay back the debt
Revenue Bonds

use a fixe source of revenue to pay back debt. i.e. water use fees could be used to pay back revenue bonds for a water main
TIF stands for

Tax Increment Financing
TIF allows a designated area to

have tax revenue increases used for capital improvements in the area
Special Assessments

allow a particular group of people to be assesssed the cost of a public improvement.
Lease-purchase allows a governement to

rent to own
GRANTS are available to government by

"all levels of government
Taxes are used to generate revenue to:

finance government and redistribute income
Three types of taxes:

"Progressive
Progressive Taxes

The tax rate increases as income rises
Proportional Tax

The tax rate is the same regardless of income
Regressive Tax

The tax rate decreases as income rises
Criteria used for the implementation of a tax:

"fairness
Tax-Write off

when governments offer tax inventives in order to attract economic development
Design Charette

"intensive collaborative effort that brings together citizens
Delphi Method

structured process of citizen participation with the intent of coming to a consensus
Facilitation

uses a person who does not have a direct stake in the outcome of a meeting to help groups that disagree work together to solve complex problems and come to a consesus decision.
Mediation

is a method where a neutral third party facilitates discussion in a structured multi-stage process to help parties reach a satisfactory agreement.
Public Hearing

A meeting before a public body allowing for formal citizen input. Public hearings are typically mandated by law.
Visual Preference Survey

a technique that can be used to assist citizens in evaluating physical images of natural and built environments.
Visioning

a process whereby citizens attend a series of meetings that provide the opportunity to offer input on how the community could be in the future. Visioning is typicall a 20 to 30 year outlook
problem definition steps

1define problem 2specify boundaries 3develop fact base 4list goals & objectives 5identify range of solutions 6define potential costs & benefits 7review the problem statement
Used making a decision on whether or not to spend money to build a new senior center or hire more police.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Retaining existing business and industry is a goal of?

Economic Development Programs
Attracting business is a goal of?

Economic Development Programs
Developing and financing facilities that help capture business is a goal of?

Economic Development Programs
"When material that is a matter of public record containing sensitive

private
Concurrency is attributable to which state?

Florida
The most common measure of traffic volume is?

LOS
Compares what a community gains from a project to what must be sacrificed to obtain it.

Cost-Benefit Analysis
A systematic comparision between the amount one section of the communty is paying to the cost of serivices provided to that sector.

Cost-Revenue Analysis
Its purpose is to assist the city in determining if the project will generate sufficient revenue to defray the cost of public services.

Fiscal Impact Study
The industrial classification system that replaced the SIC is?

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
"Utilize quantitative methods to analyze impact on the community- ie economic base theory

location quotient
Use of info or current data symptomatic of what is being studied- ie sampling

Estimate
Best Guess - id future considtion analysist feels to occur- decisions & judgement with respect to various factors & variables- might be skewed

Forecast
what If about future if assumptions prove true (IF)

Projection
"Constructed to avoid undesirable futures

make desired forecasts come true
Method adds a shift factor to account for jobs into or out of local economy due to factors affecting local economy.

Shift-share
"Method determines level of basic sector employment by comparing local economy to economy of larger geographic region

State or country."
Method which allows analysts to quantify and evaluate connections between industrial sectors.

Input-Output Modeling
Give money to develop businesses in a certain location.

Place-Related Programs (Carter) Federal fundiing 1960s
Enacted in 1994-Federal funds to distressed areas.

Empowerment Zone Program (Clinton)
"Zone with tax breads for new investment are offered - tax reductions

direct grants
Special Tax/Revenue Bonds

Repaid from earmarked taxes or user charges
Private Activity Bonds

Repaid with receipts from private firm
Performance Bonds

Required by City & County gov conver offsite public improvement obligations associated with commerecial & residential developments.
Impact fees & tax increment financing

Used to pay for capital projects
Revenue bonds

"usually pays for parking garages
Capital Improvement Progamming

one way to implement comprehensive plan
Capital Improvement Program (CIP)

"prepared by planning director or planning commission
Community Development Block Grants

Administered by HUD on formula basis for entitlement communities and by State Dept of Hsg & Community Development (HCD) for non-entitlement jurisdictions. Came about after Housing & Community Development Act of 1974.
Community Development Block Grants

"Eliminates blight
Growth Management goal 1

protect lands that provide public & quasi public goods
Special Tax/Revenue Bonds

Repaid from earmarked taxes or user charges
Private Activity Bonds

Repaid with receipts from private firm
Performance Bonds

Required by City & County gov conver offsite public improvement obligations associated with commerecial & residential developments.
Impact fees & tax increment financing

Used to pay for capital projects
Revenue bonds

"usually pays for parking garages
Capital Improvement Progamming

one way to implement comprehensive plan
Capital Improvement Program (CIP)

"prepared by planning director or planning commission
Community Development Block Grants

Administered by HUD on formula basis for entitlement communities and by State Dept of Hsg & Community Development (HCD) for non-entitlement jurisdictions. Came about after Housing & Community Development Act of 1974.
Community Development Block Grants

"Eliminates blight
Growth Management goal 1

protect lands that provide public & quasi public goods
Special Assessment Districts

Area subject to special prop tax assessment for financing special improvements in district.
General Obligation Bonds

Repaid from general taxes
Growth Management goal 2

Accommodate Development needs
Urban growth boundaries (UGB)

Identifies when/where land available for development 20-25 yrs growth in employment & population.
Urban Service Areas (USA)

Geographic areas targeted for new or improved infrastructure or for public fac. & urban services next 5-10 yrs.
Intermediate Growth Boundaries (IGB)

Formed within Urban growth boundaries (UGB) where development channeled over time.
Urban Reserve Boundaries

define land outside UGB which free for development should UGB expand.
Growth Management goal 3

Provide adequate public facilities and services at minimum cost & distribute costs equitably.
Growth Management goal 4

"Distribute the burdens of and benefits of growth fairly- communities share plan
Growth Management goal 5

Prevent or mitigate negative and foster positive externalities- separation of incompatible land uses- containment of urban dev- use zoning & buffers.
Growth Management goal 6

Provide admin efficiency-streamlined permitting procedures- streamlined judicial review.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Used to compare & advocate policies by quantifying total costs & effects. Costs measured iin monetary terms- effects measured in units of any type.
Cost-Revenue Analysis

systematic comparison of two money flows.
Fiscal Impact Analysis

Detemines whether project generates sufficient revenues to offset cost of public services. similar to cost-revenue but CR broader application-impacts on public service. FI-fiscal implications of cost of public services & infrastructure.
Municipal Financing Methods

lease purchase- special assessments- special districts- state & federal grants- tax increment financing.
Economic Development dimensions

"Employment
local economic development stratgegy

"locality development
Exaction

contribution or payment required as authorized precondition for receiving a development permit-mandatory dedication or fee-in-lieu of dedication reqmts.
Windfall tax

tax on a financial benefit conferred on a property owner as a result of a publlic action. Recapture windfall profits by the public.
Revenue forecasting

"Requires understanding of past
Budget

Allocating & spending tax $ to provide services to the public that woulod otherwise have to be provided by themselves. Series of goals with price and priorities.
Operating Budget

"Everyday expenditures for salaries
Planning programming budget system (PPBS)

Technique that organizes budget so it relates to a goal or activity.
Zero Base Budgeting

Budget starts from scratch every year.
Taxes

"Generate revenues to finance govt goods & services
Criteria when imposing tax

"Fairness
Progressive tax

Tax rate increases as income rises.
Proportional tax

Tax rate is constant as income rises.
Regressive tax

Tax rate declines as income rises.
Current Revenue

Current funds for capital improvements
Reserve funds

Accumulation of funds for future capital improvements
General Obligation Funds

Votger approval to sell bonds for capital improvements
Revenue Bonds

Sell bonds at high interest rates for capital improvements
Lease Purchase

"Private developer pays for capital improvement and municipality ""rents-to-own"""
"Assignment of or symbols (renaming

categorical) for purpose of designating subclasses that represent unique characteristics. Weakness level of measurement
Assignment of or symbols identifying ordered relationships of some characteristic but having unspecified intervals.

Ordinal
Assignment of for purpose of identifying ordered relations of some characteristic. Can mathematically see differences between values on the scale. (ie. temperature)

Interval Scale
"Assignment of for purpose of identifying ordered relations of some characteristic

order having arbitrarily assigned & equal interval and absolute zero point. Meets math assumptions to perform arithmetic operations."
nominal and sometimes ordinal

Qualitative
interval or ratio

Quantitative
Takes on finite number of values. Generally whole numbers.

Discrete variable
Where any numaber value can change to another in a given moment (ie. interest rate)

Continuous variable
fixed value throughout time (ie. male or female)

Dichotomous variable
"Basic tool for organizing data. Helps researcher ""see"" data. Easy to sort from lowest to highest values. Count of occurances. Add % of occurrance for each score and cumulative frequency."

Frequency Distribution
Most frequent score in distribution. Can have more hatn one mode - b i-modal.

Mode
sum of scores in distribution divided by number of scores.

Mean
"Midpoint or midscore in distribution 50% of observations fall above

50% below. Can be calculated for ordinal
Probability of distribution that is symmetrical around the mean. A BELL CURVE.

Normal Distribution
Probability curve where a few high numbers pulls the mean to the right.

Skewed right
Probability curve where few low numbers pulls the mean to the left

Skewed left
Difference between highest and lowest score

Range
Measure of how spread out a distribution is. Computed as average squared deviation of each number from its mean.

Variance
"Test viability of null hypothesis in light of experimental data. Depending on data

null hypothesis either will or will not be rejected as a viable possibility."
Reverse of what experimenter actually believes-put forward to allow data to contradict it.

Null Hypothesis
Statement expressing relationships between phenomena. Acceptance or non-acceptance upon logical analysis of data using scientific method. 1st describe prediction (trying to prove)- 2nd describe possible outcomes.

Research Hypothesis
Test statistic provides a measure of the amount of difference between the two frequency distributions.

Chi Square - non-parametric
Difference between the cost of a particular policy or project to gov unit & benefits to gov unit.

Fiscal Impact Analysis
"Cost & benefits of competing altern during life of program. Impact of inflation. Present value cals give future value by applying discount rate-considers impact of inflation & growth of services over time. Actual dollars-no inflation

constant dollars yes"
The location quotient (LQ) is an index for comparing an area's share of a particular activity with the area's share of some basic or aggregate phenomenon.

Location quotient
"a technique sometimes used for forecasting land use

most often for forecasting changes in a set of urban areas or regions. (ie. employment and population are growing or declining)"
"Decomposes employment growth (or decline) in a region over a given time period into three components: (1) a national growth effect

(2) an industry mix effect
"examines historical trends in the regional economy

including recent changes in employment and business establishments
quantifies the multiple economic effects resulting from a change in the final demand for a specific product or service.

Input-Output Economic Analysis
Used to analyze the profitability of an investment or project. Sensitive to the reliability of future cash inflows that an investment or project will yield.

Net Present Value
Frequency distribution of one variable when another is held fixed at each of the several levels.

Regression
concerns a number of procedures concerned with comparing two averages.

T-test
Most comprehensive approach to project eval. Shows anticipated attainment of projects goal and assignment of accomplishing goal to a group.

Goals Achievement Matrix (GAM)
"Focuses on single objective and projects effeictiveness with respect to that objective. When 2 or more projects achieve same level of service

comparision comes down to cost."
Compares community gains from project to what community must forego in order to achieve. Project with higher ratio that 1 provides more benefits than costs.

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Focuses on costs and revenues associated with specific form of growth. Resust is statement of net govt surplus or deficit expressed in financial terms.

Cost Revenue Anslysis (CRA)
Scheduling technique that graphically depicts inter-relationships of tasks that constitute project.

PERT -Program evaluation and review technique
Used to determine most critical steps to keep project going.

Critical Path Programming
Determines whether project will generate sufficient revenues to defray public service costs.

Fiscal Impact Analysis
Industries that draw money into economy from outside its borders.

Basic Industries
Industries serve the needs of local populance and businesses in localities borders.

Non-basic Industries
"Ratio of employment in basic industries to non-basic industries that utilizes economic multipliers. Varies with size of community. Larger community

larger multiplier."
Technique to monitor real pattern of money flows. Increase in production in one industry results in increases in other industries. Shows relationships among sectors of an economy.

Input-Output modeling
Two cities attract retail trade from any mid-sized town in direct proportion to population of 2 cities and in inverse proportion to the square of the distances from these 2 cities from the mid-sized town.

Retail Gravitational Law (by W.J. Reilly)
Group to generalize to

Population
Subset of the population.

Sample
the fact researcher is interested in explaining

Dependant Variable
variable used to explain the one dependent or causally prior to dependent variable.

Independent Variable
When experimenter can intentionally create variation in independent variable (ie. amount of funding)

Manipulation
Rival explanations for behavior of dependent variable.

Confounding Variable
"units observations are made (regions

municipalities
Set of data with which treatment group is compared.

Control
Subjects have equal chance of being assigned to treatment group or control group-purely by chance.

Randomization
Program rather than other factor caused results.

Internal Validity
Can the effect be expected under similar conditions in other settings.

External Validity
"Convenience sampling-those accessible- volunteer sampling - volunteers-OK for descriptive results

may be bias
Individual has equal chance of being selected for sample

Simple random (probability sampling)
"every Xth individual selected form list

starting randomly chosen point"
Population may have 2 or more groups in study-provides best results- ensures even coverage of population- maintains random selection probabilities.

Stratified (probability sampling)
Used when stratified or simple random sampling would be difficult and/or expensive.

Cluster (probability sampling)
"As ______increases

standard error decreases"
What level does corridor transportation planning typically occur at?

Regional level
Most corridor transportation planning is conducted by the .....?

Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)
The National Corridor Planning and Development Program is a grant program that is funded as part of ....?

SAFETEA-LU
What deos SAFETEA-LU stand for? Who founded it and what year?

"Safe
"Programs provide funding for planning

project development
The National Scenic Byways Program is a...?

"US Department of Transportation
"Purpose of the program is to designate & fund enhancements of scenic hwys across the US. In order to receive Scenic Byway Designation

the roadway must have archaeolgoical
Which is the best way to solicit citzen input in plan making?

Neighborhood group leaders and citizen committees
Which generates the most effective adequate citizen participation?

Developing a multi-faceted public information program
Common citizen surveys

"mailed-inexpensive but slow
Charrette

Intensive interactive problem-solving process convened around development of specific plans. Experts within & outside community.
Task Force

agency-sponsored committee with a specific task related to a single problem.
Citizen Advisory Committee

Citizens groups presumed to represent the ideas and attitudes of local residents. Purpose to advise planning agency.
Citizen referendum

Citizens vote their approval or disapproval of a public measure by official ballot.
Delphi technique

used to develop consensus between two or more groups that are in conflict. Develop goals & objectives. Group facilitation skills.
Focus Groups

Representative sample of a community. Facilitated in an informal setting directed toward a specific subject.
Alinsky's Org: Paul Alinsky

"Funding guarantee- paid organizer to neighborhood or community-Organizer identifies problem
Advocacy Planning: Paul Davidoff

Planner takes into account interests of those affected by plan- planners involved in political process as advocates for interests of gov and groups-mostly low income & minority.
Ladder of Citizen Participation: Sherry R. Arnstein

"Defines citizen participation in terms of amount of control citizens have over policy decision. without distribution of power citizen participation is ""empty ritual""."
Citizen Participation & Code of Ethics

"Continuing responsibility of professional planners- include disadvantaged citizens- special efforts required to reach disadvantaged- ""Planners primary obligation is to serve the public interest""."
Freedom of speech applies to adult uses and signs. Freedom of religion applies to religious facilities. Freedom of association applies to group homes. What amendment?

1st amendment
This applies in cases of takings and eminent domain- just compensation for takings. What amendment

5th amendment
"Due process can be applied to takings

eminent domain
What type of zoning is equal protection applied to?

exclusionary zoning
What constitutional principles relates to the ruling in Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994)?

Takings
Munn v Illinois (1876)

"In this case which concerned whether a grain operator had to comply with city ordinances
Cochran v Preston (1908)

Determined that Baltimore could control height based on the concern that excesive height could pose a fire hazard. Established a nexus between legislative intent & legislative standard.
Welch v Sawsey (1909)

Upheld a Boston law that differentiated height restriction between commercial & residential areas. Determined that height controls were a legitimate excersise of police powers.
Eubank v City of Richmond (1912)

Overturned a Richmond ordinance that enabled a set of property owners from controling the private rights of others in the neighborhood. Resulted in a deprivation of due process & equal protection.
Hadacheck v Sebastian

Upheld L.A. law that prevented landowners from manufacturing bricks on private property because the property had been annexed into the city & the excavation of the valuable soil was not restricted.
Thomas Cusack Co v City of Chicago (1917)

"Upheld law that allowed community members to vote on whether a billboard would be allowed in the neighborhood. Determined erection of billboards could negatively impact community's health
"Town of Windsor

CT v Whitney (1920)"
Romar Realty v Board of Commissioners (1921)

"Overturned a law which sought to establish building heights & lot lines expressly for ""aesthetic considerations"" because such concerns do not impact health
Inspector of Building of Lowell v Stoklosa (1924)

Upheld city ordinance which created sepate areas/zones for business & residential areas.
Zahn v Public Works of LA (1925)

Upheld legislation that prohibited business uses in residential areas even if it diminished some of the property's value and there were business operations existing in the area that had been established prior to the zoning change.
Euchlid v Ambler Realty (1926)

"Upheld zoning ordinance that separated ""uncompatible"" land uses"
Washington Ex Rel. Seattle Trust Co v Roberge

Overturned an ordinance that arbitrarily delegated power to determine acceptance of child/senior home to the surrounding property owners. Violation of due process.
Jones v City of Los Angeles (1930)

"Overturned part of a legislation that sought to cause exisiting businesses to cease once a new zoning classification was placed upon it. Upheld idea of ""nonconforming uses"""
Dowsey v Kensington (1931)

Found that there is fine line between reasonable use of police powers to restrict lawful use of private property and takings. Determined that the ordinance stepped over the line & deemed unconstitutional.
Welton v Hamilton (1931)

Overturned a Chicago ordinance which delegated zoning appeals to another body that had not been elected by the citizens without providing standards for ruling & criteria for judgement which resulted in the body having arbitrary authority.
"US v Certain Lands

City of Louisville (1935)"
NYC Housing Authority v Muller (1936)

Upheld a NYC action to condem private property to place city owned & operated housing projects on it. Housing for poor/low income is a legitimate use concern for police powers.
Austin v Older (1938)

Upheld a Michigan city ordinance that prevented an existing non-comforming use to place a second nonconforming structure on the property.
People of Tuoky v City of Chicago (1946)

Upheld the right for a city to condem slums/blighted areas for public ownership & that levying taxes for said purpose is a legitimate exercise of a governments taxation powers.
Ayres v City of L.A. (1949)

Upheld the right for the LA planning commission to place conditions on a development during the review process. A nexus existed between the development conditions & protection of public interests.
Pennsylvania Coal Company v Mahon

A land regulation was that diminished the economic viability land constitutes a taking under the Fifth Amendment
1978 - Takings Ruling - Penn Central Transportation Company v. City of New York

"Found that a NYC Preservation Law was not a ""taking"" 1)Land use & economic viability remained and 2) Historic preservation is in the public's general welfare"
Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas - 1974

Communities may restict unrelated individuals from living together in a single dwelling unit
Young v. American Mini Theatres - 1976

Zoning of adult entertainment facilities is not a violation of the 1st Amendment
5th Ammendment

Protects agains a taking without just compensation
Takings Definition

"A restriction of the use of privately owned land
1977 Moore v East Cleveland

The Court found an ordnance that prevented a grandmother and a grandson from living together violated the Due Process Law of the 14th Ammendment
"Why was East Cleveland's ""non-family"" definition overturned by the courts & Belle Terra's uphelp?"

E Cleveland -- The parties were RELATED though not parent/child. Belle Terra's -- The parties were UNRELATED individuals.
Metromedia v. San Diego - 1981

Sign ordinanced which allows commercial signs in places noncommercial signs are not allowed is unconstitution because 1) noncommercial speech has higher 1st Amendment protection than commercial speech and 2) regulations may not be based on message content
What does the POLICE POWER of Planning refer to?

The regulation of personal property to prevent a use of the property that is detrimental to the public interest or general welfare.
AGINS V. TIBURON (1980) -- What is the Takings Test that resulted from this ruling?

"The AGINS test asks whether the regulation advances some legitimate government purpose and whether the property owner has any economic use left over after the regulation is applied. If the answer to either part is no
Berman v. Parker - 1954

"Upheld urban renewal practices
What is significant about the taking ruling in Berman v Parker - 1954

It changed the test for eminent domain as the Court transformed the words 'public use' to mean 'public purpose'.
What must every government action do to be lawful? Test against a Takings.

All land use and zoning regulations must advance a legitimate public interest.
village of euclid v ambler realty -- 1926

The six-to-three decision in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. legitimized zoning as a way of controlling land uses.
"What does the term ""euclidean zoning"" refer to?"

The act of segragating land uses from one another in order to ensure that incompatible uses do not locate in close proximity to one another. Upheld in the 1926 Landmark Planning Law Case Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty.
What are the 3 tests of a Taking Case

1) Essential Nexus 2) Rough Proportionality 3) Physical Invasion
"What 2 conditions are necessary for special exceptions

conditional use
What are the 2 elements of due process

1) Procedural (the way in which a law operates) 2) Substantive (what is restictions are imposed in the law)
What 2 Constitutional Amendments address due process issues

1) Fifth Amemendment & 2) 14th Amendment (Specifically addresses States)
What are the 2 legal tests for eminiment domain?

A community must prove that 1) Public Purpose 2) Necessity
What 2 amendments deal with eminent domain

1) 5th Amendment (taking without compensation 2) Fourteenth (comdementation without due process)
Explain Eminent Domain & what historical law it orginates from

Eminent domain is the fundamental soverign power to take private property for public use that originates from the Magna Carta
What Landmark Case established the right to zone or redevelop land for aesthetic / master planning purposes?

Berman v Parker 1954
What are the 2 types of nuisance ordinances? What do they involved

"1) Private Nuisance (Property owners right to uses that promote enjoyment of their land) 2) Public Nuisance (Common right to health
What are the 3 tests for evaluating variances?

1) Enactments (rational) 2) Application (unnecessary hardship & practical dificulties) 3) Hardship creation (self imposed or external)
Lincoln Trust Co v Williams Building Corp -- 1920

Upheld New York's zoning legislation
"Dolan v City of Tigard

1994"
According tot he Constitution AnalysisTree What are the 11 Constiution Principles land use legistation may be analyzed by?

"1) Delegation of Power
"What are the primary tests used to analyze ""Discretionary Planning"""

"1) Delegation of Power
"What are the primary tests used to analyze ""Special Exceptions or Conditional Use Permits"""

"1) Delegation of Power
"What are the primary used to analyze ""Aesthetic Regulations"""

"1) Delegation of Power
"What are the primary tests used to analyze ""Rezoning (Negotiated) Approvals"""

"1) Delegation of Power
"What are the primary tests used to analyze ""Prohibition of Adult Uses"""

"1) Void for Vagueness
"What are the primary tests used to analyze ""Prohibition of Places of Worship"""

"1) Substantive Due Process
"What are the primary tests used to analyze ""Prohibition of Group Homes"""

Equal Protection
"What are the primary tests used to analyze ""Downzoning"""

"1) Procedural Due Proces
"What are the primary tests used to analyze ""Parcel Rezoning"""

"1) Procedural Due Process
Pennsylvania Coal v. Mahon

"1922 - Takings Case - Restrictions on Use - Justice Holmes wrote in opinion ""The general rule...is
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.

"1926 - Takings - Restrictions on Use -This case upheld zoning as constitutional under the United States Constitution
Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City

1978 - Takings - Restriction on Use - Upheld that the restrictions imposed (by the Landmarks Law) are substantially related to the general welfare and not only permit reasonable use but also afford appellants opportunities to further enhance the property.
Agins v. City of Tiburon

"1979 - Takings - Restriction on Use - Two prong test - 1 ""does not substantially advance legitimate state interests"" or 2 ""denies an owner economically viable use of his land"""
Keystone Bituminous Coal Assn. v. DeBenedictis

"1987 - Takings - Affirmed Agins Test 1 - Stated that some states interest are more ""legitimate than others"" The more defensible the states interest the more likely it will be upheld."
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission

1987 - Takings - Expanded Agins Test 1 required a Nexus between the taking and the state's interest.-
Dolan v. City of Tigard

"1994 - Takings - Expanded Agins Test 1 - ""required a reasonable relationship"" between the conditions to be imposed on a permit and the development's impact. ""rough proportionality"""
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council

1992 - Takings - Expanded Agins test 2 - found a takings when the owner was called upon to sacrifice all economically beneficial uses in the name of the common good.
Munn v. Illinois

1877 - A landmark decision that paved the way for future governmental intervention in private development.
Welch v. Swasey

"1909 - The first clear-cut nationwide authority for communities to regulate development of private property through limitation of building heights
Eubank v. City of Richmond

1912 - Setback legislation declared constitutional.
Hadacheck v. Sebastian

1915 - Provided that the restriction of future profitable uses was not a taking of property without just compensation.
Town of Windsor v. Whitney

1920 - Made land subdivision regulations possible by holding that dedication of streets as a prerequisite to platting was possible.
Second Prong of the Agins Test

An owner may not be denied economically valuable use of his or her land.
First Prong of the Agins Test

Regulations must substantially advance a legitimate state (governmental) interest.
Nexus

The condition has a required degree of connection.
Metromedia v. City of San Diego

1981 - Ordinances that placed tighter restrictions on non-commercial signs than commercial signs violate the 1st Amendment.
Young. v. American Mini Theaters

1976 - Communities can zone locations of adult entertainment establishments without violating the 1st Amendment.
Renton v. Playtime Theaters

1986 - Upheld separation or concentration requirements for adult uses where a substantial government interest exists.
Procedural Due Process

An assurance that all parties to the proceeding are treated fairly and equally.
Pennsylvania Coal v. Mahon

"1922 - Takings Case - Restrictions on Use - Justice Holmes wrote in opinion ""The general rule...is
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.

"1926 - Takings - Restrictions on Use -This case upheld zoning as constitutional under the United States Constitution
Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City

1978 - Takings - Restriction on Use - Upheld that the restrictions imposed (by the Landmarks Law) are substantially related to the general welfare and not only permit reasonable use but also afford appellants opportunities to further enhance the property.
Agins v. City of Tiburon

"1979 - Takings - Restriction on Use - Two prong test - 1 ""does not substantially advance legitimate state interests"" or 2 ""denies an owner economically viable use of his land"""
Keystone Bituminous Coal Assn. v. DeBenedictis

"1987 - Takings - Affirmed Agins Test 1 - Stated that some states interest are more ""legitimate than others"" The more defensible the states interest the more likely it will be upheld."
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission

1987 - Takings - Expanded Agins Test 1 required a Nexus between the taking and the state's interest.-
Dolan v. City of Tigard

"1994 - Takings - Expanded Agins Test 1 - ""required a reasonable relationship"" between the conditions to be imposed on a permit and the development's impact. ""rough proportionality"""
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council

1992 - Takings - Expanded Agins test 2 - found a takings when the owner was called upon to sacrifice all economically beneficial uses in the name of the common good.
Munn v. Illinois

1877 - A landmark decision that paved the way for future governmental intervention in private development.
Welch v. Swasey

"1909 - The first clear-cut nationwide authority for communities to regulate development of private property through limitation of building heights
Eubank v. City of Richmond

1912 - Setback legislation declared constitutional.
Hadacheck v. Sebastian

1915 - Provided that the restriction of future profitable uses was not a taking of property without just compensation.
Town of Windsor v. Whitney

1920 - Made land subdivision regulations possible by holding that dedication of streets as a prerequisite to platting was possible.
Second Prong of the Agins Test

An owner may not be denied economically valuable use of his or her land.
First Prong of the Agins Test

Regulations must substantially advance a legitimate state (governmental) interest.
Nexus

The condition has a required degree of connection.
Metromedia v. City of San Diego

1981 - Ordinances that placed tighter restrictions on non-commercial signs than commercial signs violate the 1st Amendment.
Young. v. American Mini Theaters

1976 - Communities can zone locations of adult entertainment establishments without violating the 1st Amendment.
Renton v. Playtime Theaters

1986 - Upheld separation or concentration requirements for adult uses where a substantial government interest exists.
Procedural Due Process

An assurance that all parties to the proceeding are treated fairly and equally.
Substantive Due Process

Payment by government of just compensation to property owners when property is condemned or dimished by government action.
Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas

1974 - Upheld power to prohibit more than two unrelated individuals from residing together as a family.
S. Burlington County NAACP v. Mount Laurel

1972 - Held that communties in growing areas in the way of urban expansion must take their fair share of the region's growth.
Construction Industry Assoc. or Sonoma County v. Petaluma

Communities can restrict the number of building permits granted each year if reasonable.
Golden v. Ramapo

Upheld conditional development on the provision of services.
Berman v. Parker

Upheld redevelopment programs that took property in eminent domian and resold the property to private developers for redevelopment.
Moore v. East Cleveland

Cities cannot define family so that the definition prevents closely related individuals from living with each other.
Associated Home Builders v. City of Livermore

"1976 - Allowed for time phasing in future residential growth until performance conditions were met
1st English Evangical Luthern Church v. County of Los Angeles

Court rejected concept that sole remedy for taking is payment of full value of property. City could either buy property outright or revoke ordinance and pay church for losses at time of trial.
Rivers and Harbors Act

"1899 - Prohibited the construction of any bridge
Water Pollutant Control Act

"1948 allowed the Surgeon General working w/ other governmental entities
Water Quality Act

1965 - Established the Water Pollution Control Administration within the Department of the Interior. This was the first time water quality was treated as an environmental concern rather than a public health concern.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

1969
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

Provides that any major federal action or policy that has significant impact on environ will require Environmental Impact Analysis (EIS)
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

Adresses: probable impact of proposed action- adverse environ effects that cannot be avoided- alternatives to proposed action-relationship btwn shortterm use man's environ & maint & enhancement of longterm productivity- irreversible & irretrievable commit
Coastal Zone Management Act 1972

"Mandates state programs to delinate coastal boundaries
Federal Water Pollutant Control Act 1972

Requires states to control water pollution
Clean Water Act 1977

"Amend to Fed Water Pollutant Control Act of 1972. Must have permit if discharge pollutants into body of water
Clean Air (1990)

Federal government sets ambient air quality standards and states devise methods to meet the standards.
Clean Air Act

Air Quality Control Regions (AQCR) are airsheds of our communities
Clean Air Act

PSD stds dictate total ambient & effluent stds & new air pollutions not allowed unless reduce pollutants > than pollutants contributed by new source.
Ambient Standards

Standards for air & water quality relatiing to quality of receiving environ. Baseline for gauging improvements.
First Earth Day

25680
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California

"Established in 1927
Rachel Carson

"Author of Silent Spring
Effluent Standards

Set restrictions on the discharge of pollutants into the environment. The EPA has effluent guidelines for more than 50 categories.
Point Source Pollution

"Discharged directly from a specific site
Non-point Source Pollution

Contaminated runoff from many sources.
Potable Water

Safe to drink.
Aquifer

One or more strata of rock or sediment that is saturated and sufficiently permeable to yield economically significant quantities of water to wells or springs.
Estuary

An area where fresh water meets salt water.
Lagoon

A shallow body of water that is located alongside a coast.
Marsh

"A type of freshwater
Reservoir

"A pond
Surface Water

"Includes rivers
Swamp

"A freshwater wetland that has spongy
Watershed

"A region drained by
Wetlands

"Include swamps
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)

Relates to air quality and requires that a project will not increase emissions above a specified increment.
Endangered Species Act

1973 - Provided protection of animal and plant species that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designate as threatened or endangered. Act was later amended in 1988.
Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA)

"1978 - Promoted alternative energy sources
"Comprehensive Environmental Response

Compensation
Brownfields

"Land previously used for industrial purposes
Greyfield

"Economically obsolete
EPA's Environmental Indicators Initiative

"Numerical values from actual measurements of a pressure
EPA's Environmental Indicators Initiative

Draft 2003 - Multiyear effort to identify credible indicators to answer key questions pertaining to the environment & human health and to understand/improve what is know about current state of the environment & identify where additional info is needed.
Biomass energy

Uses organic material which is burned to create energy.
Methane

Is a naturally occurring byproduct of decaying plant and animal material. Gas is burned to produce electricity.
Hydroelectric power

"typically associated with large dams. It uses falling water to produce power
Solar Energy

uses photovoltaic panels to convert sunlight directly into electricity. The panels can be added together to create large systems.
Wind power

"Uses tall turbines (100 feet plus) to convert wind to electrical power. Multipple turbines built close together
Insulation

Allows for more efficient heating of a building.
R-value

"Ratings for insulationindicates the resistance to heat flow. The higher the number
LEED

"Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)
Greenfield

"A piece of undeveloped land
"Comprehensive Environmental Response

Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)"
R-20

Minimum R-value recommended for home insulation?
Lowering a thermostat by 1 degree Fahrenheit can reduce a heating bill by what percent?

Up to 3 percent
Tennessee Valley Authority

"Created in May 1933 to provide navigation
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

The system for granting and regulating discharge permits. Regulates both point and non-point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the U.S.
Secondary Treatment

A biological process to remove dissolved organic matter from wastewater. Sewage microorganisms are cultivated and added to the wastewater. The microorganisms absorb organic matter from sewage as their food supply.
Effluent

"The discharge of pollutants into the environment in an untreated
Mass Wasting

The downslope movement of earth materials due to the force of gravity.
"The ""Father of Zoning"". Helped shape Standard City Enabling Act 1928"
"Cincinnati Lawyer. Played a key role in Cincinnati Plan (1925)

Euclid v. Amber (1926)??"
Daniel Hudson Burnham

"Father of city planning in US. Among city planners is renowned for the influential 1909 ""Plan for Chicago"". Famous for his quote
Daniel Hudson Burnham

"His ""White City"" at the Columbian Expo inspired the ""City Beautiful Movement""
Paul Davidoff

"Founded the Suburban Action Institute in 1969
Patrick Geddes

"Author of the ""Cities in Evolution"". Considered the ""father"" of regional planning."
Ebenezer Howard

"Published ""Tomorrow
Jane Jacobs

"Author of 1961 book
T.J. Kent Jr.

"San Francisco - served as the coordinator for housing
Pierre Charles L'Enfant

"Plan for Washington DC - made use of grid pattern
Kevin Lynch

"Author of ""Image of the City"". Focused on how users perceive and organize spatial information as they navigate through cities. Coined the words ""imageability"" and ""wayfinding""."
Ian McHarg

"Wrote ""Design with Nature"". Father of Modern Ecology/Environmental Movement. Proposed the use of transfer of development rights (TDR) to preserve landscape. Renowned for his advocacy of ecological planning and for the layered mapping techniques."
Lewis Mumford

"Outspoken critic of the Regional Plan of NY 1929. Prolific author - ""The Culture of Cities"" (1938)- inspired city and regional planning efforts."
"Fredrick Law Olmsted

Sr."
"Fredrick Law Olmsted

Jr."
Clarence Arthur Perry

"Promoter of the neighborhood unit concept. Author of ""Housing for a Mechanic Age
"Pullman

George"
Jacob Riis

"Used photography and writing to reveal the terrible conditions of the urban poor in ""How The Other Half Lives"" (1890) and ""Children of the Poor"" (1892). Led to the first federal investigation of slums and to changes in NYC's housing laws"
Charlotte Rumbold

"Influential in citizen planning. Helped found the Ohio Planning Conference
Mary K. Simkhovitch

"Organized one of the nation's first settlement houses
Clarence S. Stein

"Co-designer of Radburn
Catherine Bauer

"Wrote ""Modern Housing"". She attributed the lack of low cost housing to the liberal intellectuals
Clarence Perry

"Father of the Neighborhood Unit Concept
Frank Lloyd Wright

"Wrote ""Broadacre City - A New Community Plan"" (1935)"
Ebenezer Howard

"Wrote ""Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform"" (1898)"
Ian McHarg??

"Wrote ""Design with Nature"" 1971 ??"
Jacob Riis

"Wrote ""How the Other Half Lives"" (1890) and ""Children of the Poor"" (1892)"
"Jacobs

Jane"
Kevin Lynch

"Image of the City (1960)
Lewis Mumford

"Wrote ""The Culture of Cities"" (1938)
Patrick Geddes

"Wrote ""Cities in Evolution"" (1915) Focus on place - Work - Folk"
Sherry Arnstein

"Wrote ""Ladder of Citizen Participation"""
Peter Calthorpe

"Developed the design feature ""Transit Oriented Developments"" (TOD's)"
Saul Alinksy

"Father of Neighborhood Organizing Movement
Saul Alinksy ??

"The organization uses boycotts to initiate change
Robert Moses

"Known as ""Great Expediter"" leading city planner in 1920's replacing Burnham. ""If the ends don't justify the means
Thomas Adams

"Secretary of the Garden City Association and the 1st manager of Letchworth
Rachel Carson

"Wrote Silent Spring
Rexford Tugwell

Head of the Resettlement Administration under FDR - began work on the greenbelt communities
Joel Garreau

"Wrote Edge City - Life on the New Frontier
Catherine Bauer

"Founder of American housing policy
John Muir

one of the earliest modern environmental preservationists Founded the Sierra Club.
Richard Babcock

"Author of ""The Zoning Game"" (1966) observations on American zoning practice."
William Whyte

"Knonw for ""Street Life Project"" (1969) - Authored several texts about urban planning and design and human behavior in various urban spaces."
Saul Alinsky

Was associated with advocacy planning.
Harland Bartholomew

"1916 - First full time city planner in the US
Alfred Bateman

First president of the American Society of Planning Officals
Charles Lindbolm

"Known for theory of incrementalism in policy and decsion making as described in his work the ""The Science of Muddling Through"" - 1959"
Norman Krumholz

Associated with the development of equity planning theory. Was head of Cleveland???s city planning from 1969 -1979.
Herbert Simon

Introduced the concept of Satisficing
John Friedmann

"Research focus is on processes of urbanization
Amitai Etzioni

Modern planning theorist - famous for work on socioeconomics and communitarianism believes individual rights and aspirations should be protected but that they should be inserted into a sense of the community
George Haussmann

Responsible for the 19th century Plan of Paris
Christopher Stone

"Known for 1972 book ""Should Trees Have Standing?"" discussed the authority to file suit in the Sierra Club v. Morton
Peter Drucker

Associated with Management by Objectives (MBO) - a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees buy in to the objectives and understand what they are.
John Logan & Harvey Molotch

"Commonly associated with the term ""Growth Machine"""
Ernest Burgess

"Urban sociologist - research
Homer Hoyt

"Known for the ""Sector Model""
Louis Wirth

"Major contribution to social theory of urban space was a classic essay ""Urbanism as a Way of Life"" interests included city life
Baron Georges-Eug??ne Haussmann

"A French civic planner whose name is associated with the rebuilding of Paris
Homer Hoyt

"Known for the ""Sector Model"" aka Theory of Axial Development (1939)"
Harris and Ullman

"Proposed Multi-Nuclei Model in 1945 - progressive integration of a number of separate nuclei. Nodes become specialized by attributes: accessibility
Earnest Burgess

Concentric zone model with CBD in center and residential in outer zones. Pattern of ???Invasion and Succession??? would change pattern with inner zones pushing outer zones further out (1920s).
Edward J. Kaiser

"Focus on improving the quality of local land use plans and and developing land use planning strategies for hazard mitigation and environmental protection. Famous book ""Urban Land Use Planning"" 5th ed."
Randall Arendt

"In Rural by Design (1994) advocates creative
James Kunstler

"New Urbanist ""The Geography of Nowhere"" "" The City in Mind"" Anti Modernism
Rooted in agriculture most humanly valuable. T. Jefferson & Hector St John de Crevecoeur

Agrarian (1800s)
total unrestricted competition in society ultimately benefits & individual hardships from competition essential to ultimate good of state. Exploit the poor...

Laissez Faire (1800s)
"Gov't involvement in public health & safety of worker. max standards

min hsg standards
"Beauty of public works projects to attract wealthy

pleasant life of poor
"Create broad

tree lined aves
"Burnham

Lomsted
"Big business lost interest

awarenesss of corruption-movement declined but emphasis of physical site planning was internalized in planning movements regulating development of suburbs."
"Began with Columbian Expo at Chicago worlds fair in 1893

White City
"Anti-urban

agarian
"Ebenezer Howard ""Tommorrow Peaceful Path to Reform 1898)"

Garden City ((1920s in US)
"Lethchworth

England 1903-20
"Influenced by Howard's cities & Ray Unwin's ""Hampstead Gardens"" (1907). 1st compr suburban neighborhood design

planning & physical design of residential with spatial open
"City of Motor Age

superblocks & cul-de-sacs
"Not really ""Garden City"" DID NOT HAVE planned greenbelt

not self-contained
"Emergency Relief Act 1935

admin by Rural Resettlement Admin
Never built because RRA stopped by courts -Fed govt couldn't use power of eminent domain that way.

"Greenbrook
Massive land subdivisions and single-family hsg projects with few community facilities & built on model of war hsg projects of 1940s.

"New Towns: Levittown
"Major amenities

large open spaces
Overlapping communities

New Towns: Columbia MD (1960s)
The Plan of Chicago

(1909) First comprehensive plan in US. Proposed Public housing as a proper government function.
The Works of Clarence Stein

Co-designer of Radburn N.J. the first New Town in America 1928
The Cincinnati Plan

(1925) The Ford-Goodrich plan for this city. First officially adopted Plan. Landmark in the 20's because of its scope was far broader than other plans of the period. Legal connection between zoning and plan.
Greenbelt Towns

Visualized as Green-Belt Cities.
"Country Club Plaza

Kansas City
"Euclid v. Amber

US Supreme Court"
The New York City Zoning Code

(1915) First comprehensive zoning code in the US prepared under the leadership of Edward Bassett.
"The Plan of Riverside

IL"
The San Francisco Zoning Ordinance

"(1867) Prevented slaughter houses and hog storage in certain areas
The Plan of Washington DC

(1791) Radial/gridiron plan by Peirre L'Enfant influenced plans across the US.
"The Plan of Savannah

GA"
"Forest Hills Gardens

Long Island
"Radburn at Fairlawn

NJ"
Hawaii's State Land Use Law

(1961) It was the first such statewide regulatory system in the US.
"The Plan of Vieux Carre

New Orleans"
"The Town of Norris

TN"
Yellowstone National Park

(1872) First National Park in the US.
"Central Park

New York City"
City Beautiful Movement

"Re-create cities as works of art
Greenbelt Towns

"Begun in 1935 with the New Deal Program ""Rural Resettlement Administration"" RPA under USDA."
"Greenbelt

MD- Greenhills
"Kalamazoo Mall

MI"
"Northland Center

Michigan
"Was a component of the New Town of Columbia

Maryland."
"Was a component of the New Town of Columbia

Maryland."
Characterized by Local Management & self-government without the need from intervention from the state.

Garden City Movement
Planning should be designed for socioeconomic stratums just above the poor.

Garden City Movement
"What was the "" Standard State Zoning & Enabling Act""? Year? Who prompted its development?"

The Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (SZEA) established states' right to plan through zoning of land uses. Secretary of State Herber Hoover led its development in 1924.
What were some of the major provisions of the SZEA?

"1) grant of zoning power
What ws the Standard City Planning Enabling Act? Year? Who led its development?

The SCPEA was a 1928 Federal legislation that promoted city master or comprehensive planning. Effort led by Sec of State Herbert Hoover.
What the primary priciples of the SCPEA?

"1) organization & power of a planning commission to develop a master plan
Where was the first rural zoning established? When?

Wisconsin in 1929
When was Sunnyside Garden built? Designers? Builders? Location? Significance?

"Sunnyside Gardens was the first PLANNED ""Garden City"" in the US. Located in Queen
"When was Radburn

NJ built? Builders? Significance?"
What Federal Department was responsible for the SZEA & SCPEA? Who led it? What years?

Te SZEA & SCPEA were established by US Department of Commerce which was led by Sec of State Herbert Hoover. The SZEA was completed in 1924 & SCPEA was completed in 1928.
What was the first comprehensive plan to be adopted in the US? When?

The 1925 Cincinnatti Plan.
"Describe the ""Neighborhood Unit Principle"". Who developed it? What Year?"

The neighborhood is the core of the community and all people should be able to acess all parts of the community from the neighborhood. Developed by Clarence Perry in 1929.
"Explain what the ""Concentric Zone Model"" of city planning."

"The Concentric Zone Model is a planning theory which states that a city is developed in rings. Core is the business district- the 1st circle is a low-income
"What book is about the ""Concentric Zone Model"" of city planning? Authors? Year? What is another name for this model?"

"The City written by Ernest Burgess
Where was the first county wide planning/ regional plan in the US?

Los Angeles County in 1922.
What was the predecessor to JAPA? When was it published? What organization?

City Planning by the American City Planning Institute in 1925.
Where was the first regional planning commission formed? Year?

Los Angeles County in 1922
"What is the significance of the ""Regional Plan for New York and Environs""? Author? Year?"

"It was the first plan focused on ""Suburban Development"" by planning for highway construction & suburban recreational facilities. Developed by Clarence Stein & Lewis Mumford from 1922- 1929."
Where was the first historic commission established? Year? Name?

"New Orleans established ""Vieux Carre Commission"" in 1921."
"What is the significance of Mariemont

OH? Year? Designers?"
What is the planning significance of the stock market crash?

The proverty ensued prompted people to think about planning on a national level in order to address the needs of all.
What is the Federal Roads Act?

Federal Roads Act of 1920 called for the widening of streets which led to land use zoning & development of new roads.
When & where was the 1st National Convention of Planning

"1909 in Washington
What was the Inland Waterway Commission? Founder? Year?

"Federal commission to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development: Navigation power
"What did the ""White City"" bring about? What is its significance?"

The Chicago Plan of 1909. It was the first long range comprehensive plan for the orderly development of an American City.
"What was the ""Antiquities Act of 1906"""

The 1st law to institute federal protection for preserving archealogical sites.
"What was the ""Public Lands Commission""? Who appointed it? Year?"

"In 1903
When was the original Garden City constructed? Where?

"Letchworth
What is significant about the NY State Tenement House Law? Who led its passage? Year?

"It established the basis for the revision of NYV codes that outlawed tenements such as the ""dumbell"" style. Lawerence Veeler in 1901"
"What was the ""NY Committee on Congestion of Population""? Who led it? Year?"

A committee established in NY to decentralize the population. Founded in 1907 by Benjamin Marsh.
What was the country's first local civil center plan? Year? Who developed it?

"In 1903 Daniel Burnham
Where was the first town planning board created? Year?

"Harford
What was the first major city to apply the City Beautiful Principles? Year? Developer?

San Francisco in 1906. The plans were developed by Daniel Burnham.
"When was ""Garden Cities of To-morrow"" Published? Author?"

1902 by Ebenezer Howard
"What was the ""US Reclamation Act"""

A 1902 federal legislation which allowed the proceeds of public land sales to be used to build water storage and irragation systems.
When was the National Park Service Established? What was its charge?

The NPS was established in 1916 to conserve and preserve resources of special value.
What major transportation resource was completed in 1914? Why is it significant?

The Panama Canal created a shipping channel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
"When was the ""US Housing Corp & Emergency Fleet Corp"" established? What did it do?"

Established in 1918 the US Housing Corp & Emergency Fleet Corp helped build housing for WWI workers. It influenced early public housing efforts.
What was the first major textbook on city planning? When was it written?

"Carrying out the City Plan written by Flavel Shurtleff"" in 1914"
"What is the importance of the ""Principle of Scientific Management""? Who wrote it? When?"

It spearheaded the effeciency movement in city government. It was written by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911.
What was the predecessor to the American Institute of Planners? Year was it established? 1st President?

"American City Planning Institute established in 1917 led by Frederick Law Olmstead
What is the significance of the American City Planning Institute?

"It was the first professional organization of planners led by Frederick Law Olmstead
Who passes the nation's 1st comprehensive zoning law? When? Who led the effort?

NYC Board of Estimates in 1916 under the leadership of George McAneny & Edward Basset.
When was the first enabling legislation created? Where?

1909 in Wisconsin
What was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development? Year

Los Angeles in 1909
What was the first city to hire a full time employee for the planning commission? Who did they hire? Year?

"Newark
What city adoped the first comprehensive zoning code? Who wrote it? Year?

New York City adopted the first comprehensive zoning code in 1916. It was written by Edward Bassett.
What was one of the pioneering books about regional planning? Year?

"Cities in Evolution by the Father of Regional Planning
What early book about planning was adopted for grade school classrooms? Year?

Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago written by Water Moody in 1914.
What early planning book was written by Nelson Lewis? Year?

Planning of a Modern City in 1916

Author

dickharney

196926

Card Set

AICP Cards 1.csv

Description

First Set of AICP Flashcards

Updated

2013-01-31T19:13:41Z

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