Animal Anatomy & Physiology

• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Nucleus

-Phospholipids arranged with their polar(hydrophilic heads) facing the protein layer and their non-polar (hydrophobic tails) facing eachother.

Active and passive

Distribution of a substance in a solvent so that it gets equally concentrated

Down a concentration gradient

Down a concentration gradient but requires a carrier protein (transmembrane protein)

• -Movement of water across semi-permeable membranes
• -From low to high solute concentration

• -Solution has the same osmotic pressure.
• -Ex: 0.9% NaCl

• -Solution has lower osmotic pressure
• -Less conc. than saline
• -Creates hemolysis (swell) of the cell

• -Solution has higher osmotic pressure
• -causes crenation (shrivel) of the cell

• -Low to high concentration
• -ATP required- Hydrolyzed by ATPase activity of the carrier
• -Phosphorylation of carrier causes change in shape and movement of molecule
•   -Changes transmembrane protein

NA-K ATPase pump

• -Cytosol (liquid component)
• -Organelles
• -Cytoskeleton (filaments/microtubules)

• -Endoplasmic Reticulum
• -Mitochondria
• -Ribosomes
• -Lysosomes

• -Found in muscle cell to store calcium
• -Found in endocrine grands and muscle cells

• -Protein Synthesis
• -Covered in ribosomes

• -Powerhouse of the cell
• -Muscle cells has abundance 

• -Membrane-bond vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes
• -Originate from ER and Golgi
• -Many in WBC...none in RBC
• -Capable of fusing with intracellular organelles

• -Microtubules scattered throughout the cytoplasm, largest and most rigid
• -Intermediate Filaments (Cell junction like desmosomes
• -Microfilaments: Spindle fibers during cell division

• -Epithelial (lining)
• -Connective
• -Muscle
• -Nervous

• -Simple vs Stratified
• -Squamous(flat), Cuboidal(square), Columnar(tall)

Anmili of the lungs

Kidney

Digestive tract

• -Trachea
• -Not truly stratified
• -Studded with goblet cells which produce mucus

• -Keratinized is found in the skin
• -Nonkeratinized found in the esophagus
• -Keratinized has glassy feature (close to shedding)

Sweat & salivary glands

Least common & found in Urethra

• -Transitions depending on amount of urine in the bladder
• -Tall = full of urine
• -Flat = little urine

• -Is contractile so it has force and movement
• -Is excitable so can conduct signals

• -Cardiac
• -Smooth
• -Skeletal

• -Serves to connect other tissues
• -Gives form and strength to organs
• -Loose vs. Dense

• -Adipose (fat)
• -Cartilage
• -Bone
• -Blood

• -Send nervous signals
•   -Excitable, electrical, chemical
• -Glial cells support

• -Support
• -Protection
• -Movement
• -Storage of minerals and lipids
• -Blood cell formation

• -Bones
• -Cartilage
• -Teeth
• -Joints

• -Have blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves
• -Subject to disease
• -Undergo repair
• -Adjust to changes in stress

• 45% Inorganic Matter
•  -Calcium, Phosphorus
• 30% Organic matter
•   Collagen
• 25% Water
•   Blood supply

• -Compact Bone
• -Cancellous (spongy) Bone
• -Medullary Cavity
•   Red marrow vs Yellow Marrow
•   -yellow marrow = old animals = fat deposition 

• -Long
• -Short
• -Flat
• -Irregular
• -Sesamoid

• -Epiphysis: Ends of the bone (-ses if plural)
• -Diaphysis: Shaft of the bone with surrounds the medullary cavity
• -Articular Cartilage: Cushoins ends of bone & allows for movement
• -Epiphyseal Plate: Areas made of cartilage allowing for growth of the bone

• -Act as levers
• -Aid in support, locomotion, Prehension
• -Ex: Bones of Extremities
•   *Forelimb - Humerus, Radius, Ulna
•   *Hindlimb - Femur, Tibia, Fibula

• -Cube like structure
• -No single marrow cavity
• -Compact bone surface with a cancellous bone center with spaces filled with marrow
• -Ex: Carpals(knee) & Tarsals(hock)

• -Variety of movements, gliding & sliding
• -Absorb shock/ concussion
• -Found in complex joints
•  Ex: Carpus & Tarsus

• -No diaphysis or epiphysis
• -Inner framework of cancellous bone sandwiched between compact bone
• -2 plates: Lamina externa & lamina interna

• -Protect vital organs:
•   Brain(Skull)
•   Heart & Lungs (Scapula& Ribs)
•   Urinary/ Reproductive organs (Pelvic bones)
• -Provide large areas of attachment of muscles

• -Unpaired bones on the median plane
• -Spongy bone surrounded by compact bone
• -Offer protection, support, and muscular attachment
•  Ex: Vertebrae

• -Occur along the course of tendons
• -Help in reducing friction, increase leverage or change the direction of pull
•   Ex: Patella (Kneecap)

• -Formed in the soft organs
• -Os penis-bone in the penis of dogs
• -Os cordis-bone in the heart of cattle
• -Os rostri-bone in the snout of pigs

• -Axial
• -Appendicular 

• -Includes all the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
• -Bones are involved in protection, support, and carrying other body parts

• -Composed of median unpaired irregular bones
• -Vertebra - Body, Arch, and Process
•   -Body: Cylindrical mass forming ventral pt & floor of foramen
•   -Arch: Completes the foramen
•   -Process: Articular/spinous

• -Articular processes allow for range of motion
• -All domestic animals have 7

• -Well developed spinous processes
• -Costal fovea on adjacent thoracic vertebrae provide articulation with head of ribs
•   -Withers of the horse

• -Larger flat transverse processes provide for more area of attachment
• -Weight bearing vertebrae

• -Fused to form a wedge shaped bone called sacrum
• -Sacral foramina allows passage of spinal nerves
• -Articulates with last lumbar vertebrae cranially
• -Articulates with ilium to the hip

• -CTLSCd (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal)
•  -Horse: C7, T18, L6, S5, Cd15-20
•  -Cow: C7, T13, L6, S5, Cd18-20
•  -Sheep: C7, T13, L6-7, S4, Cd16-18
•  -Pig: C7, T14-15, L6-7, S4, Cd20-23

• -Form lateral wall of bony thorax
• -# of pairs of ribs = # of thoracic vertebrae (usually)
• -True ribs aka Sternal ribs are ones attached to sternum by costal cartilage
• -False ribs aka Asternal ribs are caudal to sternal ribs

• -Shoulder (Synarcosis) 
•   (pectoral girdle-scapula)
• -Fore limbs (Pectoral or Thoracic)
•  (Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
• -Pelvis 
•  (Pelvic girdle - ilium, ischium, pubis)
• -Hind limbs (pelvic)
•  (Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

• -Scapula (shoulder blade)
•   -Distal end of spine forms 'acromion process'
• -Humerus
•   -Shaft & 2 extremities
•   -Proximal end bears a rounded head that articulates with scapula(shoulder joint)
• -Humerus + Scapula = Shoulder Joint

• -Radius & Ulna (Forearm)
•   -Radius is larger
•   - Ulna forms Olecranon process (point of elbow)
•      -Horse; shaft of ulna is fused into radius
•      -Ox, Sheep, Goat, Dogs, &Cats; complete ulna
• -Carpus
• -Metacarpus (Cannon)
• -Digits (Fetlock, pastern)

• Illium -Largest, dorsal most
•  -Tuber sacrale, tuber coxae (point of hip)
• Ischium - Forms the caudal part of the floor of pelvic cavity
• Pubis - Smallest, forms cranial part of the floor

• -Femur (Thigh bone)
• -Tibia & Fibula
• -Tarsus
• -Metatarsus
• -Digits

• 1.) Bone Cells
• -Osteocytes
• -Osteoblasts
• -Osteoclasts
• 2.)Osteoid      
• -Organic part of matrix, collagen, polysaccharides
• -Contributes to resilience & toughness of bones

• 1.) Calcium & Phosphorus salts (80% is calcium phosphate, rest are calcium carbonate and magnesium phosphate)
• 2.) Provide hardness and rigidity to the bone

• -Inorganic component removed by soaking in dilute acid
• -Decalcified bone, retains structure

• -Organic component removed by charring
• -Inorganic salts remain
• -Prone to breaking

• -Bone forming cells found in all bone surfaces
• -Synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components of bone matrix
• -Serve as framework for deposition of Ca & phosphate salts

-Mature, nondividing osteoblast surrounded by matrix, lying within lacunae

• -Giant multinucleate cells
• -Responsible for the active erosion of bone minerals
• -Contain large number of mitochondria & lysosomes 

• -Compact bone consists primarily of laminated tubes - Osteonal systems
• -Each osteon consists of a central canal (blood vessels and nerves) surrounded by circular plates of bone (lamellae)
• -Osteons are added on the periphery of the shaft of the bone (increasing diameter)