-
potassium k+
- 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
- increased:dehydration
- renal failure
- acidosis
- cellular/tissue damage
- hemolysis of the specimen
- decreased in:
- NPO status when potassium replacement is inadequate
- vomiting
- malnutrition
- diarrhea
-
Sodium Na +
- 136-145 mEq/L
- increased in:
- cardiac or renal failure
- hypertension
- excessive amounts of IV fluids containing normal saline
- edema
- dehydration
- Decreased in:
- nasogastric drainage
- diarrhea
- vomiting
- laxatives or diuretics
- amounts of IV fluids containing water
-
Chloride Cl-
- 98-106 mEq/L
- increased in:
- dehydration
- renal failure
- excessive amounts of IV fluids containing sodium chloride
- decreased in:
- nasogastric drainage
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- excessive use of diuretics
-
Carbon dioxide CO2
- 60 & under-23-30 mEq/L
- increased in:
- chronic pulmonary disease
- intestinal obstruction
- vomiting
- nasogastric suctioning
- decreased in:
- hyperventilation
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- diarrhea
- lactic acidosis
- renal failure
- salicylate toxicity(aspirin)
-
Glucose (fasting)
- (60& under)-70-110 mg/dL
- (60-90 yr)-82-115 mg/dL
- increased in:
- hyperglycemia
- amounts of IV fluids containing glucose
- stress
- steroid use
- pancreatic or hepatic disease
- decreased in:
- hypoglycemia
- excess insulin
-
Creatinine
- females:
- (60 & under) 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
- (60-90) 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
- males:
- (60 & under) 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
- (60-90) 0.8-1.3 mg/dL
- increased in:
- renal insufficiency
- acute renal failure
- chronic kidney disease
- decreased in:
- atrophy of muscle tissue
-
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- (60 & under) 10-20 mg/dL
- (60-90) 8-23 mg/dL
- increased in:
- dehydration
- renal failure
- excessive protein in diet
- liver failure
- decreased in:
- overhydration
- malnutrition
-
Prothrombin time (pro time, PT)
- 11-12.5 sec, 85-100%
- increased in:
- coagulation defect
- vitamin K deficiency
- decreased in:
- coagulation disorder; thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolus
-
International normalized ratio (INR)
- 0.7-1.8
- increased in:
- anticoagulant therapy (aspirin, warfarin)
- decreased in:
- extensive cancer
-
Partial thromoplastin time, activated (aPTT)
- 30-40 sec
- increased in:
- coagulation defect
- anticoagulant therapy (heparin)
- liver disease
- decreased in:
- coagulation disorder; thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolus
- extensive cancer
-
White blood cell (WBC) count (leukocyte count)
- total: 5,000-10,000/mm^3
- increased in:
- infection
- inflammation
- stress
- tissue necrosis
- decreased in:
- immune disorder
- immunosuppressant therapy
-
hemoglobin, total
- famales:
- (18-44) 12-16 g/dL
- (45-64) 11.7-16.0 g/dL
- males:
- (18-44) 14-18 g/dL
- (45-64) 13.1-17.2 g/dL
- increased in:
- dehydration
- polycythemia
- chronic pulmonary disease
- congestive heart failure
- decreased in:
- blood loss
- anemia
- renal failure
-
Hematocrit
- females:
- (18-44) 35-45%
- (45-74) 37-47%
- males:
- (18-44) 42-52%
- (45-64) 39-50%
- (65-74) 37-51%
- increased in:
- dehydration
- polycythemia
- high altitude
- decreased in:
- blood loss
- anemia
- kidney failure
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