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what are much smaller in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes
dimensions, surface area, and volume
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surface to volume ratio is... which affects what
30 x larger in prokaryotes than eukaryotes which affects transport and metabolism
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ribosomes are
the particles comprised of protein and RNA that are the site of protein synthesis
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cytoplasmic membrane is
thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool
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glycocalyx is
- polysaccharides that vary among bacteria in thickness, organization, and chemical composittion
- protects cell
- help adhere to environment
- used to avoid phagocytosis
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flagellum are
- used for bacterial locomotion
- it is an electric motor
- rotates rapidly
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4 types of flagellar arrangements are
- monotrichous - one end of cell
- lophotrichous - one end but multiple strands
- amphitrichous - one strand on each end
- peritrichous - flagella are all over cell
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fimbriae are
smaller than flagella and are important for attachment and motility
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pili do what
enable conjugation to occur,which is the transfer of DNA from on bacterial cell to another
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components of cell envelope from top to bottom are
- (outer membrane)
- cell wall
- cell membrane
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what is the cell wall made of
- Peptidoglycan
- sugar backbone
- present in most bacteria
- provides strength
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what is the Periplasmic space
space of air between the outer membrane and peptidoglycan and the peptidoglycan and the cell membrane
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GRAM POSITIVE ON LEFT
GRAM NEGATIVE ON RIGHT
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what are properties of gram positive cell
- retain crystal violet dye and stain violet
- thick muti-layered
- NO periplasmic space, outer membrane, or LPS
- produces exotoxins
- susceptible to lysozyme, PCN
- highly resistant to drying
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properties of gram negative cell
- decolorized to take counter stain safranin stains red
- thin/single layered
- present periplasmic sapce, outer membrane
- has high levels of LPS
- produces endotoxins
- highly susceptible to stretomycin
- low resistance to drying
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what is an exotoxin
- secreted by gram + (bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa)
- disrupts normal cell metabolism or destroys cells
- botulinum, diptheria
- they are susceptible to antibodies but are so toxic that host may be dead before immune system mounts defense
- most are destroyed by heat
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endotoxins are
- released during lysis by gram
- stimulate fever and shock reactions
- in the gram- membrane
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cell membrane is where
- found just beneath the cell wall
- where gram stain is absorbed
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nucleoid
contains DNA within the cytoplasm
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prokarytoic cytoskeleton is
the collective name for all structural filaments in prokaryotes
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inclusion bodies are
- stainable proteins
- usually for nutrient storage
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the nucleiod is
- contains genetic material
- single circular chromosome
- floats around in cytoplasm
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haploid is
a cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes
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acid fast bacteria are
- a modified gram + bacterium
- contain mycolic acid (a wax)
- includes pathogens
- TB
- leprosy
- opportunistic wound infections
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mycolic acid
what acid fast bacteria contain
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mycoplasma are
- bacteria that lack a cell wall and are antibiotic reistant
- no peptidoglycan wall
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two types of bacterial L-Forms
- spheroplasts and portoplasts
- bacteria under stressed conditions that lose their cell wall (peptidoglycan)
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Archaea are
- prokaryotic cells
- found in extreme environments
- non-pathogens
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external structures of bacteria are
- flagella
- pili
- fimbrae
- glycocalyx
- capsule (slime layer) makes more virulent
- THESE MAY OR MAY NOT BE THERE
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cell envelope parts include
- (outer membrane) some have some don't
- cell wall
- cell membrane
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Internal structure of bacteria are
- cytoplasm
- ribosomes
- inclusion bodies
- nuceoid/chromosomes
- actin cytoskeleton
- (endospores)
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monotrichous -
one end of cell flagellar arragngement
-
ampitrichous
flagella on one end but multiple strands
-
amphitrichous
one flagella strand on each end
-
peritrichous
flagella all over the cell
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when do bacteria tumble and run
- normally tumble - run - tumble
- go towards or running away run
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which has a larger peptidoglycan layer
gram + have big peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall
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what does decolorizer do to gram - bacteria
it ruptures the cell membrane so that the safranin can stain the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall
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Areobe
- only can survive in presence of oxygen
- bacillus
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anaerobe
- does not need oxygen to survive
- clostridium
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