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What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?
- 1. Germinal
- 2. Embryonic
- 3. Fetal
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2 weeks after conception for zygote to meet sperm and implant itself into womb
Germinal
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After successful implantation; weeks 2-8
Embryonic
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Arms, legs, fingers, toes; heartbeat develops; sexual differentiation
Embryonic
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Bones and muscles; movement begins; lungs mature; quadruples in size; rapid brain and physical growth from 6 months-birth
Fetal
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Enviromental agents that potentially damage the developing embryo
Teratogens
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When is an embryo/fetus most susceptible to teratogens?
Fetal stage
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A natural defense against the influence of teratogens
Morning Sickness
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What happens to neurons during the first 2 years of life?
Neurons increase production, branch out, and become pruned
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First 2 yrs are crucial for this development
During this time, neurons exist but many changes are still taking place
Plasticity Principle
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Caused by genetic code, but environment can accelerate or delay the point when changes start to occur
Sexual Maturation
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What kinds of memory decline and do not decline with age?
- Ability to RECALL recent events declines
- Ability to RECOGNIZE does not
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How did Piaget suggest people organize the world?
People construct mental models of the world (called schemata), the use these schemata to guide and interpret experiences
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Process through which we fit new experiences into our existing schemata
Assimilation
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"A child has a cat, and sees the neighbors bunny. The bunny is small and furry like a cat, so the child assumes the bunny is a cat" is an example of?
Assimilation
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Process through which we change or modify existing schemata to accommodate new experiences
Accommodation
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What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development?
- 1. Sensorimotor Period
- 2. Preoperational Period
- 3. Concrete Operational Period
- 4. Formal Operational Period
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Which of Piaget's 4 stages of development:
-Birth-2 yrs
-Revolves around infant's sensory and motor abilities
-Survival Reflexes
Sensorimotor Period
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Which of Piaget's 4 stages of development:
-2 to 7 yrs
-No longer has difficulty thinking abt absent objects
-Imagination
Preoperational Period
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Which of Piaget's 4 stages of development:
-7 to 11 years
-acquire mental abilities
-Fewer conversation problems
-Logical thought
-Simple math and reasoning
-Mental operations are limited to concrete
Concrete Operational
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Which of Piaget's 4 stages of development:
-11 to adulthood
-Can consider hypothetical outcomes
-Logical deductions
-Systematic strategies
-Abstract thinking
Formal Operational
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What is the major problem with a stage view of development?
- Not all kids develop at the same rate;
- Development should actually be viewed as a continual change and adaptation process that is much slower then led on
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What is the major criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Ties concepts of morality to abstract code of justice
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What evidence suggests infants desire and need comfort?
Harlow Monkey Experiment
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General level of emotional reactivity
Temperament
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When parent is present, child is happy and eager to explore; When stressful situation occurs, becomes clingy; If mother leaves, the baby will cry but calms down upon return
Secure Attachment
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Wary of situation when mom is present; will cry when she leaves but treat her with ambivalence (general bitchiness) upon return
Resistant
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No attachment to mother in situation; indifferent and unresponsive to situations when she leaves and returns
Avoidant
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Inconsistent- May show signs of multiple types and could be fearful of mother
Disorganized/Disoriented
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What did Erickson believe shaped a person's sense of self?
Psychological crises that we confront at characteristic stages of development
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What are the 4 goals of psychology?
- 1. to describe behavior
- 2. to predict behavior
- 3. to explain behavior
- 4. to control or change behavior
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What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?
- 1. Define and describe issue to be studied
- 2. Form a testable hypothesis
- 3. Choose appropriate research strategy
- 4. Conduct the study to test your hypothesis
- 5. Analyze the data to support or reject your hypothesis
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Makes a specific set of predictions about the relationships among variables and addresses 2 goals of pysch- description & prediction
Predictive Hypothesis
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Details how one variable will influence another variable
Causal Hypothesis
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Can only be tested when it is possible to manipulate the variables in the study and see how they affect one another
Causal Hypothesis
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Research studies that are conducted in the environment in which the behavior typically occurs
Naturalistic Observations
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What is one problem with naturalistic observation?
Researchers do not control events, so they can not pinpoint the causes of behavior; used only to describe and predict
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In depth observation of one subject
Case studies
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What is the main disadvantage of case study?
Lacks generalizability
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To test the relationship between 2 or more variables
Correlational Studies
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What do correlational studies not allow researchers to do?
Make cause and effect conclusions
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What is the 3rd variable problem with correlational studies?
You can tell the relationship between 2 variables, but you cannot truly tell the cause and effect ideas from them
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What are the 2 main features of an experiment?
- 1. The variables in the study are controlled or manipulated
- 2. Participants are randomly assigned to the conditions of the study
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Variable that is manipulated and the cause for the experiment
Independent Variable
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Variable that is the effect of the experiment
Dependent Variable
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Experiment where researachers manipulate the independent variable and set the conditions of the experiment to be the same for both groups
Quasi-Experiment
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What is an advantage to using experiments?
Only research method that allows us to determine cause and effect relationships
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An active system that receives, stores, organizes, alters, and recovers info
Memory
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3 Stages of Memory
- 1. Encoding
- 2. Storage
- 3. Retrieval
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Silently repeating Short Term Memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
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Linking new info to memories that are already in LTM
Elaborative Rehearsal
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Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories
Priming
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A memory that a person does not know exists; a memory that is retrieved unconsciously
Implicit Memories
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A memory that a person is aware of having; A memory that is consciously retrieved
Explicit Memories
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Known as curve of forgetting; Shows amount of info remembered after varying lengths of time
Ebbinghaus Curve
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Motivated forgetting; Painful, threatening, or embarrassing memories are held out of consciousness
Repression
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Active, conscious attempt to put something out of mind
Suppression
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