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Plasma Membrane
- Structure:Phospholipids
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Cholesterol
- Function:Selective barrier that allows passage of nutrients, gasses and wastes into and out of the cell.
- Maintain correct surface area to volume ratio of the cell.
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Cytoplasm
- Structure:Cytosol
- Organelles
Function: Environment for organelles and cell processes to take place and move.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Structure:
- Membranous tubules/sacs called cisternae
- Proteins
- Function:Synthesis of lipids.
- Metabolism of carbohydrates.
- Detoxification of drugs and poisons.
- Storage of calcium ions.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Structure:
- Membranous tubules/sacs called cisternae
- Proteins
- Ribosomes
- Function: ·
- Protein folding of secreted proteins, membrane proteins, lysosomes and peroxisomes.
- Attaches carbohydrates to proteins.
- Creates transport vesicles.
- Creates membranous phospholipids.
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Polysomes
- Structure:
- Multiple ribosomes
- mRNA
Function: Allows cells to make many copies of the same polypeptide very quickly during translation.
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Golgi Complex
Structure: Flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)
- Function:Receives and dispatches transport vesicles.
- Modifies products received.
- Creates secretory polysaccharides.
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Mitochondria
- Structure:
- 2 Membranes
- Proteins
- Intermembrane space/matrix
- Enzymes
- DNA
- Ribosomes
- Function:
- Cellular respiration.
- Convert solar energy to chemical energy.
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Lysosome
Structure: Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes.
- Function:Digest macromolecules.
- Recycle cell's own organic material.
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Peroxisome
- Structure:
- Single membrane
- Enzymes
- Function:
- Remove H^+ atoms from various substrates and transfer them to O_2, creating H_2O_2 (Hydrogen Peroxide)
- Use O_2 to break down fatty acids (used in cell respiration).
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Centrosome
- Structure:
- Microtubules
- Centrioles (9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring)
- Function:
- Compression resisting girders of the cytoskeleton.
- Organize microtubules during mitosis.
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Cytoskeleton
- Structure:
- · Wall constructed from the globular protein tubulin dimers.
- · Shapes/supports the cell
- · Tracks for motor protein movement
- · Guide secretory vesicles from Golgi to membrane
- · Involved in separating chromosomes during cell division.
- Microfilaments: Solid Rods
- · Built from actin (globular protein)
- · Myosin motor protein.
- · Twisted double chain of actin sub-units.
- · Structural role to bear tension.
- · Helps support cell shape.
- · Creates cleavage furrow during cell division.
- Intermediate Filaments:· Made of keratin.
- · Bear tension.
- · Re-enforce cell shape/organelle position.
Function: Support and motility of cell.
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Cilia/Flagella
- Structure:Microtubules
- Membrane
- Dynein proteins
- Function:
- Movement
- Move fluid over surface of tissue
- Receive signals
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Nuclear Envelope
- Structure:
- Double membrane
- Pores
- Proteins
- Nuclear lamina (netlike array or protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus)
- Nuclear matrix (protein fibers)
Function: Regulate the entry/exit of proteins, RNAs and macromolecules to the nucleus.
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Nucleolus
Structure: Granules and fibers adjoining part of the chromatin.
- Function:
- Ribosomal RNA synthesized from DNA
- Form large/small subunits of ribosomes from proteins and rRNA.
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Chromatin/Chromosomes
- Structure:
- DNA
- Histones
- Proteins
Function: Carry genetic information.
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