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10-2 m, or 1/100 of a meter?
cm
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10-3 m, or 1/1000 of a meter?
mm
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10-6 m, or 1/1,000,000 of a meter?
um- micro
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10-9 m, or 1/1,000,000,000 of a meter?
nm
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What is the correct order of the following wavelengths from shortest to longest:
- Gamma rays
- X rays
- UV light
- Infrared
- Microwave
- Radio waves and Television
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What does a convex lens do to an image?
- Focuses light on a focal point
- The image is enlarged and inverted as light rays pass the focal point and spread apart.
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What two properties determine the clarity of an image? What do each of these terms mean? (resolution and contrast)
- Resolution- (revolving power) is ability to distinguish objects that are close together.
- Contrast- Differences in intensity b/w two objects or b/w an object and its background.
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What is the most common type of microscope?
bright-field microscope
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What kind of objects can best be seen with a compound light microscope?
- Typical bacteria
- Archaea
- Mitochondrion
- Chloroplasts
- Human red blood cell
- Large protozoan
- Flea
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What kind of microscope is best for viewing viruses and ribosomes?
- Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
- Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
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What is the difference b/w a simple and a compound microscope?
- Simple- contains a single lens
- Compound- Uses series of lenses for magnification
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What is the function of oil and oil immersion lens on a light microscope?
Oil immersion increases magnification and resolution by providing light.
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What is the function of the condenser lens?
Directs light through the specimen
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Be able to calculate the total magnification for each of the following objective lenses:
4X, 10X, 40X, 100X objectives
- 4X OBJECTIVE LENS
- ---- =40X
- 10X OCULAR LENS
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When would you use a "dark field" microscope?
- For pale objects.
- Small or colorless cells
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What is the appearance of the object through a dark field microscope?
specimen appears light against a dark background
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When would you use a phase microscope?
To examine living microorganisms or specimens that would be damaged or altered by attaching them to slides or staining them.
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What is the advantage of the UV light?
Increases resolution and contrast
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What type of scope is used for immunofluorescence?
Fluorescent microscopy
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How high can electron microscopes magnify objects?
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What are the two types of electron microscopes?
- Transmission electron
- Scanning electron
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What type of microscope gives a 3-D view of the external surface of a specimen and magnifies it up to 10,000 times?
scanning electron
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What is the purpose of staining specimens?
increase contrast and resolution
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Are most cells best stained with acidic dyes or basic dyes?
Basic dyes because they are negatively charged
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Are simple stains such as methylene blue, crystal violet, and safranin acidic or basic?
basic- simple
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What can be determined by using simple stains of bacterial cells?
- size
- shape
- arrangement of cells
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What is advantage of differential stains?
Different cells, chemicals or structures can be distinguished
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Gram stain?
- structure of cell wall
- Differentiates b/w two large groups of microorganisms
- purple- gram positive
- pink- gram negative
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Acid - fast stain?
- waxy cell wall
- mycobac- human disease nocardia
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endospore stain?
- Bacillus and Clostridium
- walls are impermeable to chemicals
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Histological stains?
- tissue samples
- screen for presence of fungi and carbohydrates
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What are the 8 categories for taxanomic classification
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- SPecies
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What are the three Domains?
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What are the four kingdoms of DOmain Eukarya?
- Animalia
- Plantae
- FUngi
- Protista
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What are the four kingdoms of Domain of Prokaryotic?
bacteria
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What tests and characteristics are used to identify and classify microorganisms
- Physical characteristics- morphology(shape)
- Biochemical Tests-use amino acids, starch, citrate, gelatin
- Serological Tests- study of antigen-anitbody
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What is the purpose of a dichotomous key?
enables to identify unknown species
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Who built his own microscope in the 1670's and was the first person to observe microorganisms through his simple microscope?
Leeuwenhoek
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Who developed the system of binomial nomenclature in the mid 1700's, and proposed only two kingdoms for all organisms?
Linnaeus
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