Micro Lab Terminology - Enis

Shapes & Arrangements

Two objective lenses that when in focus, the lens can be changed without completely losing focus.

Ability to distinguish between two objects close together.

Distance between the front lens and the coverslip when in focus.

Unwanted microorganism.

Process of mixing to give a smooth, even suspension.

Helps retain cells on slide throughout staining process

Colored portion of the dye

Application of a single staining application

Stain that gives up an -OH (hydroxyl) ion, leaving a positive charge on the chromophore.

Give up a hydrogen ion, leaving a negative charge on the chromophore

1st stain applied. Stains everything

More than one stain. Different color/different structure.

Substance that binds to a dye and makes it less soluble.

Selectively extracts the primary dye from one type of cell or cell structure and allows one to distinguish between different cell types and /or structures.

Provides a contrasting color to the primary stain.

Environmentally resistant structure produced by the transformation of a vegetative cell of the gram positive genera Bacillus or Clostridium - dormant resting state

Structure in which endospores produce results from binary fission

Spores that have been released following sporulation.

Endospore transitions to vegetable cell. Process in which spore comes out of hibernation.

Production of spore formation of endospores.

Found in middle of cell.

Found between poles and center of cell.

Found at poles of cell.

Metabolically active, capable of growth and reproduction.

Bacillus Calmette Gurin - disarmed bovine pathogen.

Long fatty acids found in cell walls of the mycolata taxon (acid fast organism).

Swelling characteristic lesion of TB.

Complex media containing Azolitmin (pH indicator) and skim milk. Used primarily to differentiate members within the genus Clostridium.

Negative charged stain, acid dye, black in color.

Used to determine morphology and cellular arangement in bacteria that are too delicate to withstand heat fixing. Background is stained and cell or subject of interest is clear.

Cell or subject of interest is stained and the background is clear.

Culture medium whose exact chemical composistion is known.

Differs slightly from batch to batch, one chemically undefinable substance.

Routinely used to culture bacteria. Complex media-general purpose-wide range TSA

Contains chemicals and nutrients that enhance the growth of the desired organism. Gen medium that has had something added to it.

Contains chemicals that inhibit the growth of unwanted bacteria without inhibiting the growth of the desired organism.

Contains nutrients and additives that allow a particular type of organism to be easily identified by visible changes on the media.

Antimicrobial agent or condition that halts bacterial growth but does not kill the cell.

Substance that kills bacteria and ideally nothing else.

Evenly distributing culture over entire agar. Continuous cover on surface of growth medium.

Clear area around the ATB disk that occurs from performing the Kirby-Bauer method. Occurs after incubation.

• Minimum inhibitory concentration - minimum concentration of drug that will inhibit growth.
• Advantage - Easy to prepare and execute. Can be done on small scale. Test times can be kept low. Gives concentration of dosage
• Disadvantage - Minor parameters have major impact. 7-10 tubes per ATB

Biologic response to multiple substances where one substance enhances the effect of another substance working together to produce effect greater than the sum of individual effects.

American Type Culture Collection - Repository for living organisms.

Methacilin resistant staph

Vanco resistant entrococci

Polymer made of sugar galactose. Used as culture medium and is also thickener for soups and sauces.

Agar in test tube. Needle is used to innoculate the agar by pushing cells underneath the agar.

Petri dishes that contain agar for growing microorganisms innoculate. Isolate and study.

Same agar preparation except agar allowed to cool in slanted position to create more surface area. For studying surface microorganisms.

Keeping cultures free from contaminants.

Device to sterilize objects and chemicals that can tolerate moist heat.

Liquid nutrient rich medium used for cultivating microorganisms.

Any device used to burn solid or wastes as a method of disposal.

Tool used to smear, streak or take an inoculum from a culture of microorganisms.

Used to transfer bacteria.

Result of method of isolation in which a single type of organism is able to be studied. Separated from other groups.

Any chemical such as carbon, hydrogen, etc.

Dish filled with solid medium (agar) used in culturing microorganisms.

Iradication of all organisms including bacterial endospores and viruses although not prions in or on an object.

Used for Isolating and cultivating difficult microorganisms. General growth, all purpose

Used to isolate and differentiate members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Based on the ability to ferment lactose. Selective media - inhibits growth of gram positive bacteria due to presence of Crystal violet and bile salts. Gram negative bacteria grow well. Is differential - separates lactose fermentors from the non-lactose fermentors because lactose fermentors digest medias lactose and turns colony pink/red. Turns pH acidic.

Isolation and differentiation of pathogenic staphylococci, principally S. Aureus. Normally used in clinical environment. Selective - Sodium chloride; most other bacteria can't survive at this level of salinity. 7.5% sodium concentration. Staphylococci. Differential - Staph. aureus - sugar mannitol, pH indicator, phenyl red, pathogenic staph that can ferment mannitol will cause phenyl red to turn yellow. Staph can ferment mannitol. Most non-pathogenic staph cannot.

Used to test for DNase; present in most Serratia and some Staphylococcus species. Selective - should not be, however sometimes dyes in media (methyl green; toluidine blue) are non-specifically inhibitory. Differential - DNA added to media. Hydrolysis is detected after incubation by clearing around streak following addition of HCL (or by clearing of the dyes methyl green or toluidine blue in media)

Isolation of fecal coliforms (GI organism). Selective - For gram negative. inhibits for gram positive. Methylene blue, ESY. Differential - Color indicator distinguishes between ferment lactose and those that don't. Org. that ferment have nucleated colonies. Metallic green sheen-rapid fermentation- true positive.

Isolation and cultivation of many types of fastidious bacteria. Used to differentiate bacteria based on hemolytic char. especially within Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Aerococcus. All purpose; Enrichment - Sheep's blood; Differential- Alpha- partial destruction of RBC's, produces a greenish discoloration of agar around colonies. Beta - complete destruction of RBC's and hemoglobin, results in a clearing of the medium around colonies; Gamma - actually non-hemolysis appears as simple growth. No change to medium.

Culture of myco bacterium, TB, Isolation; Enrichment - egg white primary base; Selective - Contains malachi green gram positive inhibitor PCN

Cells esposed to sunlight (radiant energy) can damage DNA because UV radiation causes covalent bonds between adjacent thymines. DNA cannot be replicated or transcribed. Eject electrons - excess excitation. Creates point substitution. Adj. thymines abnormally bound together.

• Does not require visible light
• Enzyme excises the damaged segment from a single strand of DNA. The excised nucleotides are replaced by DNA polymerase 1. DNA ligase seals look for appropriate pairing. 99% excision.

• DNA photolyase (co-factor-folic acid), activated by light, can break the covalent bonds between thymine.
• Requires visible light-blue wavelengths.
• Photoreactivation

• Susceptibility
• Advantage-Allows you to determine most effective ATB to treat infectious disease. Fast, easy, cheap.
• Disadvantage - Takes 24 hours to run. Doesnt indicate dose necessary to kill or inhibit pathogen