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What are the properties of living things?
- Living things exhibit order
- Living things regulate their internal environment.
- Living things grow and develop
- Living things engage in energy transformations
- Living things respond to their environment
- Living things produce their own kind
- Living things evolve
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What are the different levels of life do biologists study?
- The Biosphere
- Ecosystem
- Community
- Population
- Organism
- Organ system
- Organ
- Tissue
- Cell
- Molecule
- Atom
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What is a Histologists?
Someone who studies tissue
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What do Molecular Biologists study?
Molecules
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What do Ecosystem biologists study?
Study of living and non-living things in aware and how they interact.
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What do Community biologists study?
Study restricted to the living things in a area
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What do Population biologists study?
Study of a single species w/in an area
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What are an example of Producers?
Green plants
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What is an example of a Consumer?
Animals
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What is an example of a Decomposer?
Worms
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What are the two types of Cells?
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What is a Prokaryote?
- A cell with no membrane bound nucleus
- Also called nucleods
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What is an Eukaryotes?
- A cell with a membrane bound nucleus
- All cells in the Human body
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How many species have been identified?
1.8 million
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How are species are organized?
by Relatedness
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What are the three domains of life?
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What kingdoms are in Eukarya?
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Animalia
- Protista
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What is an example of Artificial selection?
Dog breeding
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What is the Process of Science-Hypothesis-based science?
- Observation
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Prediction
- Testing
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What is the Atomic Structure?
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What is a Proton?
+1 Charge ion
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What is a Neuron?
A neutral ion
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What is an Electron?
A - charged ion
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How many electrons can the outer shell of an atom hold?
8
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What is the mass of an electron?
0, no mass
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What is the Atomic Mass?
Protons + Neutrons = Atomic mass
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What is the Atomic Number?
# of protons, unique for each element.
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How many electrons can Hydrogen hold in its outer shell?
2
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What is an Ionic Bond?
- An exchange of electrons
- Between atoms
- Generally week
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What is a Covalent Bond?
- Sharing of electrons between elements.
- Generally strong
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How many Bonds can a Covalent Bond have?
- Single
- Double
- Triple (Unstable)
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What are Electronegative Elements?
- Have a high affinity for electrons
- Oxygen and Nitrogen
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What are Non-polar Covalent Bonds?
- Equal sharing of electrons between atoms
- Carbon and hydrogen
- Electrons stay near the positive charge ion more
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What are polar-covalent Bonds?
- Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
- Oxygen and hydrogen
- Electrons move freely
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What is a Hydrogen Bond?
- Attraction between and electronegative (O and N) element and H
- A week bond
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What is Hydrophilic?
- Water attracted
- Water loving
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What is Cohesion?
- The attraction between water and molecules
- (H bonding)
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What is Adhesion?
The attraction between water and molecules and other charged surfaces
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What is the pH scale?
- Water will dissociate (very little)
- The concentration of hydrogen with oxygen is what changes the pH number
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What is the four most important elements in life?
- Nitrogen
- Oxygen
- Hydrogen
- Carbon
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What is an example of a trace element?
- Iodine
- Needed to make the thyroid hormone
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What is the mass of an Neutron?
1
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What is the Mass of a Proton?
1
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What is a specific heat?
the amount of heat to raise a substance
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How many electrons are in the outer most shell of Carbon?
4
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What are the major molecule types?
- Carbs
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
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What are Monocacharides?
- Simple sugar carb
- Pentoses -5C
- Hexoses - 6C
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What are the different types of Carbs?
- Monosacharides
- Disaccharides
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What are Pentoses?
- A five carbon sugar
- Ribose
- Deoxyribose
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
The oxygen on Carbon 2
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What is an Isomer?
2 Molecules with the same formula with different arrangement of groups
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What is a Disaccharide?
Two simple sugars joined
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What are some examples of Polysaccharides?
- Starches
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
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What is a Starch?
- Polysaccharide
- Glucose polymer, energy storage in plants.
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What is Glycogen?
- A Polysaccharide
- Glucose polymer, energy storage in animals
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What is Cellulose?
- Polysaccharide
- Glucose polymer, structure molecule in plants
- We don't produce the enzyme to break down Cellulose
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What types of fats are there?
- Neutral fats
- Saturated fats
- Unsaturated fats
- Cholesterol
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What are Neutral fats?
- 3 fatty acids +1 glycerol (joined via condensation Rx)
- Efficient means of energy storage
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What are saturated fats?
No double bonds between C's (Carbons)
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What are Unsaturated fats?
At least 1 double bond
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What is Cholesterol?
- Part of the cell membranes
- Starting material for synthesis of steroids hormones
- High serum levels assoc. with heart disease
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What is a Phospholipid?
- Major component of cell membranes
- Amphipathic
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What is Amphipathic?
- Polar and non-polar ends
- Hydrophobic and hydrophyllic
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What makes up proteins?
Amino acids
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What is the amino group of an amino acid?
Hydrogen bonded to nitrogen on the left side
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What is the Carboxyl group?
- The right with carbon double bonded to oxygen
- and carbon is attached to hydrogen and oxygen
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What changes all amino acids?
The side group
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How many Amino acids are there?
20
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When dealing with amino acids what is the term for a covalent bond?
A peptide bond
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How are amino acids joined?
Condensation reaction
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What is the primary structure of a protein?
The order (sequence) of amino acids in the protein
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What is the secondary structure of a protein?
A regular repeating structure that occurs over short distances w/in proteins
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What are some examples of a secondary structure of a protein?
- Alpha Helix
- Beta Sheets
- Pleeted sheets
- Random coil (not really secondary, completely random)
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What is the Tertiary Structure of a protein
- The 3d shape (conformation) of a single protein chain
- Essential for the function of most proteins
- fragile and easily disrupted by heat or pH changes
- Very critical to the function of the molecule
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What is the Quaternary Structure?
- The arrangement of subunits of a multi-subunit protein in 3d space
- Multiple aa chains
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What is a Nucleotide?
- The building block of DNA and RNA
- A sugar molecule (Deoxyribose, ribose) bonded to a phosphate group on the third carbon and a Nitrogen base bonded to the second carbon on the sugar.
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What is the different Nitrogen bases possible with DNA and RNA?
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What kind of bond is between the two bases on both sides of DNA and RNA?
- Hydrogen bonds
- Two hydrogen bonds between A and T
- Three hydrogen bonds between C and G
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Where does DNA live?
- Within the nucleus
- Doesn't participate in protein synthesis
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What are the different types of RNA
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What is mRNA?
A "working copy" of the gene
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What is tRNA?
- Carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
- (Transfer)
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What is rRNA?
- Part of machinery needed to make proteins
- Ribosomal RNA
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