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Alkali Metals
H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
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Alkali Earth Metals
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
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Halogens
F, Cl, Br, I, At
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Noble Gases
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
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Diatomic Molecule
Contains two atoms.
Ex: H2, N2, O2, HCl, CO
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Diatomic Elements
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
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Common Ions
NH4-, OH-, NO3-, ClO3-, CH2COO-, SO42-, CO32-, PO43-
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Molecular Formula
Shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance.
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Empirical Formulas
Shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance.
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Ionic Compounds
Consist of metal and non-metal. Cation with Anion
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Molecular Compounds
Consist of non-metals.
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Allotrope
Different forms of an element in the same physical state.
Ex: O2, O3
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Common single charge ions.
1A, 2A, Ag+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Al3+
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Common two charge ions.
Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Co3+, Ni2+, Ni3+, Cu+, Cu2+, Hg22+, Hg2+, Sn2+, Sn4+, Pb2+, Pb4+
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Naming ions
Lower charge metal ion -ous ending.
Higher charge metal ion -ic ending.
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English metric conversion
1lb = 454g, 1in = 2.52cm, 1L = 1.06qt
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Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass.
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"Pure" Substance
Form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition and distinct properties.
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Mixture
Combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities.
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Compound
A substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions.
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Solid
Molecules are held close together in an orderly fashion with little freedom of motion.
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Liquid
Molecules are held together but are not held rigidly in position.
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Gas
Molecules are separated by distances that are large compared with the size of the molecules.
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Extensive property
Depends on how much matter is being considered.
Ex: Mass, Volume, Lenth
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Intensive property
Does not depend on how much matter is being considered.
Ex: Density, Temperature, Color
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Isotopes
Atoms of the same element having a different number of neutrons.
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Law of definite proportions
States that different samples of the same compound always contain its constituent elements in the same proportion by mass.
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Law of multiple proportions
If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other elements are in ratios of small whole numbers.
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Law of conservation of mass
Matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
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Giga
G 109, 1 gigameter= 1X109 meter
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mega
M 106, 1 megameter= 1X106 meter
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deci
d 10-1, 1 decimeter= 0.1meter
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centi
c 10-2, 1 centimeter= 0.01 meter
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milli
m 10-3 1 millimeter= 0.001 meter
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micro
u 10-6 1 micrometer = 1 X 10-6 meter
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nano
n 10-9, 1 nanometer = 1 X 10-9 meter
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pico
- p 10-12, 1 picometer = 1 X 10-12 meter
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