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What bacteria:
Associated with Tularemia, Potential bioterrorism agent, Skin ulcers at the site of inoculation, Lymph node infections, Eye infections, Lung infections, GI system infections, Intracellular bacteria resist phagocytosis
Faintly staining coccobacilli
Medium choice is glucose-cystine blood agar
Agglutination and directs fluorescent antibody tests are used to confirm
Francisella
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What biosafety level is required when handling specimens containing Francisella?
Biosafety level 3
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What 4 species infect humans?
- B. melitenis
- B. abortus
- B. suis
- B. canis
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What biosafety level is required when handling specimens with Brucella?
Biosafety level 3
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What bacteria:
Associated with Brucellosis (also known as undulant fever), Potential bioterrorism agent, Facultative intracellular parasite
Isolated from Blood and Bone marrow
Incubation period is 1-3 Weeks
Grows on buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) and modified Thayer-Martin agars
Requires 10% CO2 and 3 weeks to grow
Oxidase POS
Catalase POS
Confirmation tests are usually done serologically
Phage and dye sensitivity tests are used for ID to the species level
Brucella
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What bacteria:
Gram stain - poorly stained coccobacilli, single or in pairs
Will NOT grow on MAC
Urease NEG
Media used: Bordet-Gengou (potato infusion), Regan-Lowe (charcoal-horse blood agar), Media are often made selective by adding cephalexin
Bordetella pertussis
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What are the 3 stages of pertussis (whooping cough)?
- 1) Catarrhal - general flu-like symptoms
- 2) Paroxysmal - Repetitive coughing episodes
- 3) Convalescent - Recovery phase
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What media is used to grow Bordetella pertussis?
- Bordet-Gengou (potato infusion)
- Regan-Lowe (charcoal-horse blood agar)
- Media are often made selective by adding cephalexin
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What clinical conditions are associated with Bordetella parapertussis?
Mild respiratory infections
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What clinical conditions are associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica?
Respiratory infections
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What are the tests and results used to ID Bordetella and it's sub-species?
- Gram stain - poorly stained coccobacilli, single or in pairs
- Most will grow on MAC - except B. pertussis
- Urease POS
- B. pertussis - Urease NEG
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What bacteria:
Associated with Cellulitis, Endocarditis, Gum disease
Grows well on SBA and Chocolate but not on MAC that show starlike centers
Catalase POS
Glucose POS
Actinobacillus
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What subspecies of Pasteurella causes the most human infections?
Pasteurella multocida
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What bacteria:
Associated with Cellulitis, Osteomyelitis, Meningitis, Joint infections, Pneumonia
Grows on nonselective media but not MAC
Oxidase POS
Catalase POS
Indole POS
Nitrate POS
Nonmmotile
Pleomorphic - Gram Negative Coccobacilli that may show bipolar staining
Very susceptible to penicillin
Pasteurella
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What bacteria:
Associated with Abcesses of the oral cavity and Human bite wound infections
Approx. 50% of strains corrode or pit the agar
Requires hemin (Factor X) for growth unless 5-10% CO2 is present
Bleachlike odor
Eikenella corrodens
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When was Legionella found?
1st discovered in 1976 as the cause of pneumonia in people attending the American Legion convention in Philadelphia
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What is the most common Legionella subspecies to cause human infections?
Legionella pneumophilia serogroup 1
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What bacteria:
Associated with Legionellosis (asymptomatic), Pneumonia (mild to severe), Legionnaires disease (primary pneumonia), Pontiac fever (mild with flulike symptoms)
Most common lab assay: Urine antigen test
Poorly staining gram negative bacilli but it is better to use 0.1% basic fuchsin as the counter stain instead of safranin
Asacchrolytic
Most biochemical tests are NEG
Most species will autofluroesce when exposed to UV light
Direct fluorescent antibody test
Urine antigen
Nucleic acid probes
Legionella
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What media is used to grow Legionella?
- BCYE
- Some will grow on Brucella blood agar (more nutritious than SBA
- Require L-cysteine for growth
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What nutrient is needed for growth of Legionella?
L-cysteine
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What clinical conditions are associated with Chromobacterium?
Wound infections acquired from contaminated water or soil
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What does Chromobacterium look like on a plate?
Purple or violet pigment on nutrient agar
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What bacteria:
Bacterial vaginosis (BV), UTIs, PID, Postpartum sepsis, May infect the newborn
Has Clue cells (epithelial cells with numerous bacteria attached)
Catalase NEG
Amsel and Nugent scoring systems are used to diagnose BV (because cultures alone are too sensitive)
Gardnerella vaginalis
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What is the Amsel and Nugent scoring system?
- Used to diagnose Gardnerella vaginalis
- Approximately 50-60% of women who do NOT meet the criteria for BV are POS for G. vaginalis
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What bacteria:
Associated with Trench fever, Causes growth of neoplastic blood vessels in various parts of the body (bacillary angiomatosis), Endocarditis
Oxidase NEG
Gram Neg curved bacilli
Spread by human lice
Bartonella
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What bacteria is associated with the clinical conditions:
Cat-scratch disease
Bacillary peliosis hepatitis
Bacillary angiomatosis
Bartonella henselae
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What bacteria:
Associated with endocarditis
Gram Stain: Short chains or pairs, or rosettes of irregularly staining bacilli with bulbous ends
Requires CO2 for initial isolation
Growth is enhanced in media containing yeast extract
Oxidase POS
Catalase NEG
Weakly Indole POS
Cardiobacterium hominis
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What bacteria:
Associated with Rat-bite fever (animal bites), Haverhill fever (ingestion of contaminated food and water), Blood infections, Synovial fluid infections, Abcess infections
Nonmotile
Facultative
Gram-negative pleomorphic bacillus
Grows on BAP (15% is optimal) incubated in CO2
Streptobacillus moniliformis
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Where are the spores located on Bacillus species and there characteristics?
- Centrally or Terminally located
- Bacterial spores can survive adverse conditions for prolonged periods of time
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What are the pathogenic species of Bacillus?
- B. anthracis (anthrax)
- B. cereus (food poisoning and wounds)
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What bacteria:
Large, non-hemolytic colonies with filamentous projections - referred to as "Medusa-head" colonies
Straight bacilli with square ends (boxcar morphology) appearing in chains and singly with spores
Does not grow on PEA (phenylethylalcohol) at 24 hours
Catalase positive
Nonmotile
Bacillus anthracis
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What are the clinical conditions associated with bacillus anthracis?
- Cutaneous anthrax - most common, characterized by necrotic skin lesions called black eschars
- Pulmonary anthrax - "Wool-sorter's disease", spread by the inhalation of spores from sheep's wool
- Gastrointestinal anthrax - Rarest form, spread by ingestion of spores
- Potential bioterrorism agent
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What bacteria:
Associated with Food poisoning, Wound infections, Opportunisitic eye, bone, and brain infections
Motile
Resistant to 10 microgram of penicillin
Bacillus cereus
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