Patho I Exam 3

a tissue reaction to irritation, infection or injury

A morbid change or series of reactions produced in the tissue by an irritant

Must have death of cells for this to occur

Functions of inflammation (3)

Causes of inflammation (4)

Cardinal signs/symptoms of inflammation (5)

Process of inflammation (4)

a vascular reaction

A form of pathological active hyperemia

the arteries dilate allowing excess blood or tissue fluid into the affected organ or tissue

to "flush out" the tissues of any foreign matter

the release of histamine causes the capillary walls to become more permeable

fluid or cellular debris exuding from blood vessels and deposited in tissues

the outpouring of normally intravascular cells into injured tissue

dilutes toxin

Chemotaxis occurs here

the attraction of white blood cells to the site of inflammation

the formation of pus

a protein-rich fluid containing white blood cells and cell debris

is often due to the presence of pyogenic bacteria or some other infectious agent

if there is not a need for extra leukocytes to fight an infection, this step may not occur

the termination of the inflammatory response with the affected part returning to its normal state

occurs by either physiological or pathological regeneration (repair)

Inflammatory Lesions (7)

a circumscribed collection of pus

surrounded by a wall of inflammatory tissue

there are many different types

an open sore or lesion of the skin or a mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue

an abscess or pyogenic infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle

several communicating boils with the production and discharge of pus and dead tissue

often located deep in the subcutaneous tissues of the neck or buttocks

a diffuse, noncircumscribed, inflammatory infiltration of the tissues

usually subcutaneous

forms pus pockets

a small, circumscribed elevation on the skin containing pus

a small, circumscribed elevation of skin containing a thin, non-purulent fluid

Types of lesions based on the composition of the exudate (3)

protein-rich with white blood cells

pus caused by pyogenic organisms

full of red blood cells

formed by the accumulation of cells and fluid from the lumens of blood vessels in the injured area

if present, this plays an important part in determining the nature of the exudate

postmortem conditions if inflamed tissue (4)

accumulation of fluid in the tissues

causes of Edema (Dropsy)

examples of Edema (Dropsy) (5)

generalized edema in the subcutaneous tissues

may be a result of generalized passive hyperemia

Anasarca is often seen in (3):

serous fluid in the abdominal cavity

serous fluid in the thoracic or pleural cavity

edematous fluid in the pericardial sac

edematous fluid in any sac-like cavity

often occurs in the scrotum due to inflammation of the testes or other parts

an excessive amount of blood in a body part

due to an increased arterial supply

supplies increased nourishment to organs or tissues doing increased work

initiates inflammation and forms one of the most important features of it

due to decreased venous drainage or a blockage

Always pathological

usually due to obstruction of a vein by a thrombus or embolus, thickening of the vessel wall, or pressure from an outside lesion such as a neoplasm (tumor) or enlarged organ

may lead to local edema

usually due to a heart disorder

may lead to anasarca

the flow of blood through the lungs is often reduced

less blood is oxygenated

less oxygen is in the tissues

shortness of breath

a bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, nail beds and mucous membranes

a crucial temporary reduction in the arterial supply of blood to a given part of the body

a local anemia caused by obstruction of arterial blood supply

causes of Ischemia (4)

Ischemia may lead to or cause an

the formation of an area of necrosis caused by an obstruction of arterial supply

the formation of a solid mass or blood clot within the heart of a blood vessel during life

formed from one or more of the normal constituents of the blood

A mass attached to a vessel wall

not attached to a vessel wall

causes of thrombosis (4)

the most common sites for thrombosis formation are in the (2)

the most common sites for a thrombosis of an artery (3)

absorption of part or all of the thrombus by the activity of leukocytes and/or enzymes

the proliferation of a vascular and fibrous tissue is stimulated

the thrombus is changed into a mass of fibrous tissue

characteristic of arterial as opposed to venous thromboses

capillaries taking part in the organization dilate to form new canals through which the blood can pass

arteriosclerosis - hardening of the arteries

deposits of calcium salts in the veins

forms a phlebolith

a "stone" in the veins

a thrombus attached to a vessel wall becomes fragmented

may break loose to form an embolus

a thrombus infected with pyogenic bacteria may become softened and disintegrate, possibly being converted into an abscess

Changes in thrombi (6)

consequences of thrombosis (4)

obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign matter carried in the bloodstream

the object is known as an embolus

Types of emboli (9)

Post-operative thrombosis is of special danger

fat cells in the bone marrow or fat deposits in soft tissue are ruptured by trauma and broken into smaller globules which are sucked into torn veins

results from surgery on the neck or thorax or in blood transfusions

when a vein is only partially severed preventing collapse

fatty material from a vessel wall

from diseased heart valves

consequences of embolism (4)

sudden death in coronary or cerebral arteries

no damage if part has food collateral circulation

the escape of blood from the vascular system

due to ruptured blood vessel or heart chamber

the passage of blood cells through the unruptured walls of vessels

causes of hemorrhage ( 4)

terms that apply to hemorrhage (10)

small pinpoint hemorrhages

due to leakage from a capillary

a small purplish patch caused by extravasation of blood into a tissue (bruise)

refers to the presence of varying sizes of hemorrhages in widespread areas of the skin and mucous membranes

a tumor-like swelling or mass of blood confined to an organ, tissue, or space (head injury)

blood in the sputum arising from the oral cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs

blood is bright red

vomiting of blood

of gastric origin

blood is generally dark and acidic

bleeding from the nose

from the greek word for "black"

dark, tarry feces or vomit

result of the action of gastro-intestinal secretions upon blood in the digestive tract

blood in the urine

an important sign in tumors of the urinary system

the loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained

Postmordem conditions of disturbances in circulation (7)