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blood
is a connective tissue, consisting of cells and cell fragments surrounded by a liquid matrix
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formed elements
include red blood cells, white blood cells (cells), and platelets (cell fragments)
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plasma
is a pale yellow fluid that consist of about 91% water, 7% proteins and 2% other substances (ions, nutrients, gases, and waste)
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What are the three type of plasma proteins?
- 1. Albumin
- 2. Globulins
- 3. Fibrinogen
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Albumin
makes up 58% of plasma proteins and is responsible for the control of osmotic pressure
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Globulins
makes up 38% of plasma proteins and function in transport, immunity and blood clotting
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Fibrinogen
is a clotting factor that constitutes 4% of plasma proteins
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Fibrin
a threadlike protein that forms blood clots; derived from fibrogen by the action fo thromin, which releases peptides form fibrinogen in coagulation of blood
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serum
is plasma without clotting factors
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Red Blood Cells
(Erthrocytes)
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
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White Blood Cells
(Leukocytes)
five types; which are involved in immunity
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Platelet
(Thrombocyte)
are tiny cell fragments surrounded by a plasma membrane and contains granules; releases chemical necessary for blood clotting
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Hematopoiesis
the process of blood cell production
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Hemoglobin
main component of red blood cell, protein, consist of 4 heme and 4 globin molecules
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globin
protein portion of hemoglobin, bound to heme, transport carbon dioxide
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heme
oxygen carrying, color-furnishing part of hemoglobin; requires iron
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erythropoiesis
the process by which RBC are produced
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How much time is requird for the production of a single RBC?
about 4 days
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proerythroblasts
stem cells which gives rise to RBC line
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erythropoietin
protein released by the kidneys that enhances erythopoesis by stimulatng the formation proerythroblast and the release of reticulocytes from bone marrow
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White Blood Cells funtions:
- to protect the body against invading microorganisms
- to remove dead cells and debris from the tissues by phagocytosis
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granulocytes
- WBC containig large cytoplasmic granules
- includes:
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
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agranulocytes
- WBCs with very small granules that cannot be easily seen with the light microscope
- includes:
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
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Neutrophils
the most common type of WBC; phagocytize microorganisms and other foreign substance; secrete lysozymes and pus
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Pus
is an accumulation of dead neutrophils, cell debris, and fluid at sites of infections
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Basophils
least common of WBCs; release histamine ad other chemicals that promote inflammation and heparin which prevents the formation of clots
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Eosinophils
release chemicals that reduce inflammation and are involved with the destructi of certain worm parasites
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lymphocytes
are the smallest of the WBCs; produce antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms; contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system
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Monocytes
are the largest of the WBCs; phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris within tissues
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Megakaryocytes
a large bone marrow cell; source of blood platelets
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The prevention of blood loss is done by the formation of:
- Platelet plugs
- Blood clots
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bilirubin
the main bile pigment; a yellow pigment molecule; after it enters the intestine, is converted by bacteria into other pigments, giving urine and feces their color
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Jaundice
is a yellowish staining of te skin and sclerae caused by a buildup of ble pigments in the circulation and interstitial fluids
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Vascular spasm
is an immeiat but temporary constriction of a blood vessel resulting from contraction of smooth muscle within the wall of the vessel in response to injury, resulting in decrease blood flow
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platelet plug
is an accumulation of platelets that can seal up a small break in a blood vessel
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platelet adhesion
results in platelets sticking to collagen exposed by blood vessel damage
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von Willebrand factor
is a protein produced and secreted by blood vessel endothelials cells, forms a bridge between collagen and platelets by binding to platelet surface receptors and collagen
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platelet release reaction
platelet release chemicals such as, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thromboxane, which bind to thee respective receptors on ther surfaces of platelets resulting in the activation of platelets
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transfusion
is the transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another
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infusion
is the introduction of a fluid other than blood into the blood
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transfusion reactions
includes the clumping of blood cells, repture of blood cells an clotting within the blood vessels
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agglutination
clumping of the cells
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hemolysis
rupture of the RBCs
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Type A Blood
has type A surface antigens and plasma with anti-B antibodies
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Type B Blood
has type B surface antigens and plasma with anti-A antibodies
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Type AB Blood
has both type A and B surface antigens and no antibodies
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Type O Blood
has neither A or B type surface antigens, but both Anti-A and anti-B plasma antibodies
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What blood type is a universal donor?
Type O Blood
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