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FRAGMENT
- Incomplete SentenceLacks a subject, verb, or both
- May be a phrase
- May be a subordinate clause
- May have –ing verb alone
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PHRASE
- Group of related words without both a subject and a verb
- May be a noun phrase--the little old woman
- May be a verb phrase--dancing wildly to the music
- May be a prepositional phrase--to the lake, under the dock, in the lake
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VERB PHRASE
- Gerund
- Participial
- Infinitive
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GERUND
Verb that functions as a subject of the sentence
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PARTICIPAL
Verb that modifies the whole sentence
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INFINITIVE
to plus the singular present form of the verb
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CLAUSES
- Independent or Main
- Dependent or Subordiate
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INDEPENDENT or MAIN CLAUSE
- Can stand alone as a sentence
- Both types have a subject and a verb
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DEPENDENT or SUBORDIATE
- Cannot stand alone
- Begins with a subordinate conjunction
- Because it is raining today
- Both types have a subject and a verb
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-ING VERBS
- Cannot stand alone
- Must have a main verb with it
- May be the wrong form of the verb
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APPOSITIVE PHRASE
Renames or re-identifies the noun
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RUN-ON or FUSED SENTENCE
- Two complete sentences put together without any punctuation at all.
- We went out to eat then we went to the ballgame.
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COMMA SPLICE
- Two complete sentences joined only by a comma
- A stronger mark of punctuation is needed.
- We went out to eat, then we went to the ballgame.
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HOW DO YOU CORRECT RUN-ON/COMMA SPLICES?
- Separate into two sentences
- Use a semi-colon
- Use a period and a capital letter
- Add a coordinating conjunction with a comma
- Add a conjunctive adverb with a semicolon Add a subordinating conjunction
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TYPES OF CONJUCTIONS
- Coordinating (comma)
- Conjunctive Adverb (semi-colon)
- Subordinating (alone or with a comma)
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NAME COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
- FANBOYS For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
- Use this conjunction between main clauses with a comma before the conjunction
- It is raining today, so I need my umbrella.
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NAME CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
- Examples are therefore, however, thus, then, also, consequently, nevertheless, besides
- Phrases are after all, as a result, by the way, even so, in fact, that is, in contrast
- Use a semi-colon between the main clauses and a comma after the conjunctive adverb
- He has political aspirations; after all, his father is a senator.
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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
- Examples are because, if, since, when, even though, as, until, unless, while, before, after
- If a subordinate clause begins a sentence, use a comma at the end of the sentence.
- Unless the project receives more funding, the research will stop.
- If a subordinate clause ends a sentence, there is no comma.
- Everyone likes him because he is helpful.
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SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT MEANS?
Subject and verb must agree in number
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IF THE SUBJECT IS SINGULAR, THE VERB MUST BE...WHAT?
- Singular - remember the singular verbs end in S!
- HE - goes, does, is, was, has
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IF THE SUBJECT IS PLURAL, THE VERB MUST BE...WHAT?
- Plural
- THEY - go, do, are, were, have
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PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
A phrase used to show the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another noun
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COMPOUND SUBJECTS
- Subjects joined by and are plural.
- Tom and Harry work at McDonald’s.
- Subjects joined by or are singular.Tom or Harry works the night shift.
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CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION SUBJECTS
- Subjects joined by either…or, or by neither…nor agree with the closest subject.
- Neither the students nor the teacher is happy.
- Neither the student nor the teachers are happy.
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INVERTED WORD ORDER
- Sentences which begin with here, there, or with prepositional phrases will have the subject after the verb.
- There are three reasons why we should not go.
- Questions will often have the subject after the verb.
- Can Harry go with me to the game?
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INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
- Indefinite pronouns take singular verbs.
- The indefinite pronouns are –one words, -body words, -thing words, and each, either, and neither.
- Everybody in the class is tired.
- Something is always wrong with Sam.
- Everything in the house needs repairing.
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COLLECTIVE NOUNS
- These nouns often cause problems because while they refer to a group or an amount, they take a singular verb.
- Ten million gallons is a lot of oil.
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TITLES
- Titles of movies, books, songs, and other works take a singular verb.
- Seven is a horror movie based on a classical piece of literature.
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EXCEPTION WORDS
- Some words (nouns) end in an s but take a singular verb.
- Such words include economics, electronics, measles, mumps, news, physics.
- Aerobics is a good exercise to increase the heart rate.
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