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Other names for digestive system...
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary tract
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4 layers of the digestive tract wall...
- Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, & serosa
- (inner to outer)
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Boundaries of oral cavity/buccal cavity:
Lips surrounding by the orifice of the mouth (anterior) the cheeks (side walls) the tongue and its muscles (floor) and the hard & soft palate (roof)
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main organs of digestive system from the GI tract extend through:
The abdominopelvic cavity
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Cheeks are formed by ____ and contain___.
Buccinator muscle; mucus-secreting glands
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Hard palate consists of 4 bones:
2 maxillae & 2 palatines
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Soft palate forms a partition btw:
The mouth and nasopharynx
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Tongue is a solid mass of skeletal muscle and has what 3 parts?
- Root, body, & tip
- (back to front)
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Papillae are rough elevations on the lateral and dorsal surface of the tongue & possess sensory organs called taste buds. What are the 4 types of papillae?
Circumvallate (v shape, back), foliate (side), filiform (body), & fungiform (tip)
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Taste buds are located:
In a moatlike depression on lateral surfaces of papillae & on sides of fungiform papillae<--(which are chiefly on the sides and tip)
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What anchors the tongue to the floor Of the mouth?
Lingual frenulum
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Tongue intrinsic muscles are important for...
Speech and mastication
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Tongue extrinsic muscles are important for...
Deglutition(swallowing) and speech
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3 types of salivary glands?
- Parotid (produce watery saliva containing enzymes), submandibular (compound glands), & sublingual (produce a mucous type of saliva)
- (largest to smallest)
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Inflammation of parotid glands is called...
Mumps or parotitis
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3 parts of the typical tooth:
- Crown (exposed portion), neck (joins the crown & root, surroundEd by gingivae) & root (fits in the alveolar process socket)
- (outer to inner)
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tooths outer shell contains 2 tissues:
Dentin (greatest portion of shell) & pulp cavity (in dentin)
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Deciduous teeth:
Permanent teeth:
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Pharynx:
Tube though which a food bolus passes when moving from mouth to esophagus by process of deglutition.
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Esophagus:
First segment of digestive tube; extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Lies posterior to the trachea
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3 divisions of stomach:
- Fundus (above the opening of esophagus into stomach), body, & pylorus
- (highest to lower part)
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What controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach?
Lower esophagus sphincter (LES) or cardiac sphincter
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What controls the outlet of pyloric portion of stomach into duodenum?
Pyloric sphincter
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Gastric mucosa of stomach wall:
-epithelial lining has rugae marked by gastric pits. -Gastric glands are below the level of the pits & secretes most of gastric juice. -Chief cells secrete enzymes of gastric juice. -Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid. -Endocrine cells secrete gastrin & ghrelin
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Gastric muscularis of call wall:
Thick layer of smooth muscle tissue arranged in crisscrossing pattern which allows stomach to contract strongly at many angles.
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Depressions w/in the epithelial lining of the stomach?
Gastric pits
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3 divisions of small intestine:
Duodenum (uppermost layer; C shaped), jejunum, & ileum
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Villi of small intestine wall are...
Projections of mucosal layer of small intestine. Produce enzymes in the brush border cells toward the top of villi.
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The presence of villi and microvilli...
Increase the surface area of the small intestine
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Crypts are located btw villi and they contain...
Stem cells from which other cells types are produced & then migrate upward to cover the villi, then slough off
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Divisions of large intestine:
- Cecum, colon, & rectum
- (first to last part)
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4 divisions of colon:
Ascending colon (right; has ileocecal valve prevents material from passing from large intestine into ileum), Transverse colon (horizontal and above small intestine), Descending colon (vertical; left of abdomen), & Sigmoid colon (joins descending colon to rectum)
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Rectum:
7 to 8 inches; opening called anus
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Vermiform appendix:
attached to the cecum and near the ileocecal valve; accessory organ
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Appendix:
Serves as a breeding ground for some nonpathogenic intestinal bacteria to aide in digestion and absorption of nutrients
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Pouchlike rings in the large intestines formed by the taeniae coli and circular muscles?
Haustra (the little bubblelike projections on large intestine)
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Lesser curvature:
greater curvature:
- Upper right curve of stomach
- lower left curve of stomach
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Peritoneum:
Large, continuous sheet of serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
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Continuation of serosa of greater curvature & has spotty deposits of fat giving it a appearance of a lace apron hanging over the intestines?
Greater omentum
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Bile ducts; Largest organ/gland in body & 1.5kg. Lies under diaphragm. Occupies most of the right hypochondrium and part of epigastrium?
The liver (filter)
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bile breaks down ____.
Lipids
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Functions of the liver:
- -Detoxification
- -Secrete bile
- -Liver metabolism (proteins, fats, carbs)
- -Stores iron and vitamins
- -Produce plasma protein -Serves as site of hematopoiesis during fetal development
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Bile salts are formed in liver from...
Cholesterol
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Function of gallbladder:
- -storage of bile
- -concentration of bile fivefold to tenfold
- -ejection of concentrated bile into duodenum
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Route of bile from gallbladder to duodenum:
Cystic duct, common bile duct, & then injection into the duodenum at the greater duodenal papilla
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Runs from duodenum and behind stomach to spleen; grayish pink color gland; only organ that makes endocrine cells
Pancreas
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Structures of pancreas:
Exocrine- makes up majority of pancreas, has acinar units, tiny ducts
Endocrine-embedded btw exocrine units; called pancreatic islets; made up of alpha & beta cells
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Acinar units of pancreas secretes the...
Digestive enzymes found in pancreatic juice.
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Beta cells secrete...
Alpha cells secrete...
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Mesentery:
projection of parietal peritoneum; allows Free movement of each coil of the intestine and helps prevent strangulation of the long tube
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