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Jennrayy18
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Define Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental process.
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Define Philosophy
Rational investigation of being and knowing.
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Define Science.
Use of systematic methods to observe, describe behavior, predict, and explain behavior.
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What are the 4 goals of Psychology?
- 1. Describe (what)
- 2. Explain (why)
- 3. Predict (when)
- 4. Control (how)
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Where and when was the first Psychology Lab?
Leipzig Germany in 1879
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Who was the man who opened the first Psy Lab?
Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920
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Take a lime. What are the 3 elements of consciousness?
- Shape (round)
- Color (green)
- Texture (bumpy)
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Who is E.B. Titchener?
- Student of Wundt
- Brought Psy in the form of STRUCTURALISM to America in 1892.
- Studied at Cornell Uni in Ithaca, NY
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Where is the other first Psy lab and who opened it?
- Harvard- Late 1870s
- William James 1842-1920
- James brought FUNCTIONALISM to psy studies.
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Gestalt Approach
Mas Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler
Believed that people seek out patterns (wholes) in sensory information, then separate elements of consciousness to result in a false picture.
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Psychoanalytic Approach
The theory and therapy that is based on Sigmund Freud's (1856-1939) idea that unconscious conflicts are determinant of behavior and that early childhood forms out personality.
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Classical Conditioning (Behavioral Approach)
When two stimuli are associated, an involuntary behavior (reflex) is elicited.
Ivan Pavlov
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Environment Controlling (Behavioral Approach)
John B. Watson believed that humans are born blank and the environment the baby grows up in determines the child's personality.
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Operant Conditioning (Behavioral Approach)
B.F. Skinner believed that rewards and punishment shaped the VOLUNTARY behavior.
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Observational Learning (Behavioral Approach)
Albert Bandura believed that people learn a behavior by watching other's behaviors.
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Humanistic/Phenomenological
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow believe humans can choose their own personality and destiny because humans have the strength and abilities to choose.
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Cognitive Approach
Herbet Simon, Alber Ellis, Aaron Beck
- Cognitive: Ability To Think
- Memory, Intelligence, Perception, Problem-solving, and Learning.
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Bio-psychological Approach
- Attribute human and animals behavior to BIOLOGICAL events.
- Genes, Chemicals(hormones), Chemicals in nervous system.
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Sociocultural Approach
Relationship between social behavior and culture.
Other behaviors effect behaviors, and cultures effect behaviors.
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Define Psychiatrist
- Medical Doctor (M.D.)
- Can prescribe medication
- Do not typically provide "psychotherapy" as the once did.
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Define Psychologists
- Doctor of Psychology (PhD or PsyD)
- Do NOT prescribe medication
- Provides psychotherapy.
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Areas of Specializartion
- Clinical- Mild to severe psy disorders (M.D.)
- Counseling- less severe disorders(Masters)
- Educational- learning and development (teach and research)-(College Levels)
- School- Tests kids for educational placement(Determine learning disabilities)
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Areas of Specialization:
- Experimental- Research of psychological concepts
- Social- Study of group behavior and influences.
- Physiological- Study of biological bases of behavior
- Developmental- Studies how people change throughout life. (Physical, cognitive, moral, emotional, relational)
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What are the 3 largest sub-fields of Psychology (Areas of Specialization)
- Clinical - 34%
- Counseling- 13%
- Developmental- 12%
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What is the Scientific Method?
A way to collect data while controlling the chance of error and bias when observing behavior.
- A way to rest or verify claims or theories.
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Step 1 of scientific research: Conceptualize the Problem
Notice an event and ask "Why?"
Example: Kids are more aggressive after watching cartoons on Saturday. Why?
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Step 2 of scientific research: Form a Hypothesis
A educated guess as explanation for "Why?"
Example: Kids who watch violent cartoons will be more aggressive.
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Step 3 of scientific research: Test the Hypothesis
- Test your hypothesis and collect all data.
Example: One of my kids watched violent cartoons in one room while my other kid watched "nice" cartoons. After watching T.V. collect and record your data.
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Step 4 of scientific research: Draw Conclutions
- Data collected is analyzed.
- If your hypothesis is supported you can make educated guesses about the future.
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Step 5 of scientific research: Report!
Report all findings and revise your theories!
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Define population (step 3 of scientific research)
The entire group of people about which the investigator wanted to draw conclusions.
(The kids)
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Define Sample (step 3 of S.R.)
A subset of the population chosen at random for the study.
Samples should be random and representative.
(Random kids are selected to watch diffrent cartoons at random.)
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Sampling Error
When samples are not random, the study is less valid.
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Generalization
Is only possible if the sample truly represents the population.
This is the ultimate goal of research!
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3 ways to collect data:
- Lab observation:
- Occurs in psy lab
- controlled
- may not be realistic
- Naturalistic Observation:
- Observes real world behavior
- very little control
- Subjects may act differently
- Does not reveal cause and effect
- Interviews and Questions:
- Costs effective and easy to conduct.
- People may be reluctant to admit embarrassing information
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3 types of research:
- Descriptive- Serves to observe & record behavior/events.
- Correlational: Describes the strength of a relationship between two variables.
- Experimental: Scientific procedure in which one or more factors believe to influence behavior are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.
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Correlational Research
- Goal: Describe the strength of relationship between two variables.
- The stronger the relationship, the more effect one variable predicts.
- Relationship is expressed as a numerical value called a correlational coefficient ranging from +10to-1.0
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Correlational Coefficient
Sign: (+/-) indicated the direction of the relationship (positive/negitive)
Size: Of the the # indicates the strength of the relationship. (stronger when closer to +10 or -1.0 and weaker the closer to 0)
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Correlational Research
Positive: When increases/decreases in one variable are matched by +/- in the other.
Negative: When + in one variable are matched by - in the other one.
- Example: Positive when you record the number of yawns in the class to the lecture length. You are increasing the "boring" so you are increasing the yawns!
- Negative when you record the number of student attention to a lecture. You are still making the "boring" lecture go up, so the attention goes down.
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Experimental Research:
- Scientific exploration of relationships between variables.
- Independent Variables (IV): The variable that is being manipulated (changed)
- Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that changes because you changed the IV
- Experimental Group:The group whose experience has be changed.
- Control Group: Where there was no change.
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