Psych Quiz #1

• 1) Confrontive Coping (P)- Includes Risk Taking
• 2) Planful (P)- Analytical
• 3) Distancing (E)- Detach
• 4) Self-Control (E)
• 5) Accepting Responsibility (E)- Ownership of Own Role
• 6) Escape-Avoidance (E)- Wishful Thinking; engaging in other activities
• 7) Positive Reappraisal (E)- Personal Growth; Looking at silverlining
• 8) Social Support (P/E)

• Classic Conditioning
• Automatically Elicited or Unconditioned Response

• Tackles:
• Illogical Thinking- primary factor
• Perfectionist Goals
• 'Awfulizing'- Self-defeating
• Cures unreason by reason
• Therapists are active, directive and confrontive
• Self-Help/ Self-Management

• Intermediate Levels of stress= enhanced performance
• High and low stress can both produce low productivity

• Expectations of personal mastery
• I can execute behavior to produce desired outcomes

• Pavlovian
• Pair neutral stumuli with stimuli that elicits response automomatically without prior learning

• 1) Coping at conception: Crying, self-soothing (finger sucking, move from stress, arms up to be held)
• 2) Problem solving thoughts, emotion control strategies (I made myself be still)
• 3) Problem-focused= better adjustment/ less stress
• Avoidance and emotion focused= less effective

• 1) Modify, minimize avoid--> Direct attack on stressor
• 2) Moderate, elminate emotions, positive reappraisal, denial, wishful thinking--> Helps with uncontrollable but not sustainable in long-term

• 1) Troubled mind about a specific something
• 2) Troubled about things we cannot change --> keeps you from doing something about it.

• 1) A- Commitment to self; B- Believe in control; C- Challenge is positive and normal
• 2) Can look inward and outward to place blame
• 3) Problem-solving, Emotion reuglation, believe they can deal with 'Reasonable Stress'
• 4) Generalized expectancey that good things will happen

• 1) Self-Report (i.e. tests)
• 2) Behavioral obsrevations
• 3) Physiological Measures (cardiovascular, muscular tension)

• Gradual Diminuation of a learned response because the response does not receive reinforcement
• Operants are lowered without reward
• Conditioned response lowers without the unconditioned stimuli

Exessive, continual and unrealistic worry that is difficult to control.

• Operant
• Restricting situations in which a problem behavior can be emitted
• (if you want to sulk you have to go in the garage)

• Teaches Emotion and Problem focused
• 1) conceptualization- Stress reaction in understandable context
• 2) skills acquisition and rehearsal- self-dialogue lowers stress and increases problem solving attitude
• 3) application and follow through- exposure to stressor and applying coping strategies

Blanket reaction to anything remotely similar

• 1) Circumstance that induces stress response
• 2) Brief exposure with start and stop point
• 3) Persistant exposture without clear demarcation

• Cognitions and behaviors and emotions are inter-related
• Alleviate physiological (i.e. uscle tension) and teaches coping skills

• Classical Conditioning
• Russian
• Studying digestion--> saliva output triggered by meat powder scent
• Watson's ideas based on this as well

• 1) Momentary State--> If stressor is removed then anxiety is removed/ coped with and comes and goes
• 2) Consistent--> part of personality/ disposition and constant but about different issues.

• 1) Initial assessment of an event- how it will it affect well being
• 2) Evaluate resources (coping options to escame/ minimize stress

Coping is Transactional and there is constant primary/ secondary appraisal

• 1) Rational and irrational
• 2) Normal and abnormal
• 3) Everyday and Life Changing
• 4) Universal and Unique
• 5) Enhances and Hinders
• 6) Brings out the Best and Worst
• 7) To fix either Do or Don't
• 8) Past, present and future

• Operant conditioning
• Agreement between two parties- rewards for certain behaviors

• Key in coping aid and stress buffer
• Perception of people power is most closely related to how an individual deals versus reality

• Operant conditioning
• Environmental cue indicates that an operant behavior at this time will be reinforced

• Classic Conditioning
• Any stimulus without prior learning elicits a particular response

• 1) Impact daily functioning
• 2) Causes suffering to individual or others
• 3) volitile/ Labile
• 4) Behavior violates a social norm

Must be more than one but not all of them

• Operant--> fear is not an operant behavior
• Punishment for behavior will not change behavior; must be reinforced with positive response
• Behavior response can be altered but not the fear

• A stimulus that is natural prior to learning
• When paired with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a conditioned response

Unlearned response --> reflex that is automatically elicited by UC stimulus

• Emotion focused only
• Repeated exposure to averse situations leads to no control
• 1) loss of motivation to respond
• 2) diminished learning ability
• 3) emotional disturbance (Depression/ anxiety)

• Presumes dispositional tendency of stress response
• Predictive of fear related to threat of self-esteem or failure- NOT phobias, specific situations or strong physical threat

• Draw conclusions about perceived danger (over or underestimate)
• A situation becomes stressful only if we contrue ti to be so.
• Stimulus + Perception = Emotion or Response

• Voluntarily emitted response (operants
• Appropriate operant behavior is crucial to stress coping
• Discriminate and generalize stimuli (cues) in others
• Responses are discriminant and generalized
• Can diminishg excessive behaviors
• Teach behaviors to increase 'good' behaviors

• 1) Persistent fear of specific, clearly defined objects or situations
• 2) Fear of/ avoiding situations where a task is performed while other watch/ evaluate
• 3) Wide range of non-social objects/ situations (i.e. storms, animals)

Persistent ideas, thoughts, impusles or images that cause uncontrollable anxiety combined with behavior to reduce anxiety

• 1) Coping and problem solving skills
• 2) Self-efficacy
• 3) Self-esteem

• Must be attached to someone who:
• 1) consistent
• 2) can attend to needs
• 3) attuned to me

Connected to most/ all psychological issues in life

• Capacity for anxiety as innate self-preservation instinct
• Anxiety is part of human existence

• 1) Aversive
• 2) Cognitively induced aversion
• 3) Orgasmic reconditioning

• 3 stimuli that innately produce fear:
• 1) pain
• 2) sudden loss of support
• 3) noise

• All other fears are learned through classical conditioning
• behaviorist
• Sees child as blank slate

• Used to diminish anxiety responses
• Change emotional response to stressors
• Emotion coping

Used to change emotional reactions to problematic situations

Stress appraisal and coping techniques

• Watson an Paynor
• Unconditional Response Stimulus
• Unconditioned REsponse
• Conditioned Response stimulus
• Conditioned response

CS (Sounds) --> CR (Salavation)

UCS (Food) --> UCR (Salivation)

• 1) Fetal hormones, biological make-up, in-born genetic/ natural to human species
• 2) Who raised you, culture, where you were raised

• Sudden onset of intense apprehension, fearfulness, or terror associated with impending doom
• Breathing, choking, palpitations, chest pain

• 1) Source of stress can be readily identified
• 2) Troubled mind about uncertain event

• Mechanism by which systematic desensitization works
• Weakens anxiety responses and relaxation is strengthened

The parent freaks out at dogs and the child observes and then freaks out at dogs

• Other stimuli cause fear without conditioning: darkness, dead or mutliated bodies
• Evolutionary factore impact fear
• Arguments against Classical Conditioning:
• 1) Reaction is very different between impnding exposure and actual
• 2) Trauma can occur after 1 exposure

• Face Stimuli, cannot avoid
• Pull fear to the maximum until situation no longer elicits anxiety

• Identify stress-inducing ideas
• Systematically question the evidence against illogical thinking
• Closely connected with treatment of depression

• 1) Behavior (concious and unconcious)
• 2) Cognition (perception)
• 3) Emotion/ feelings/ affect

• Symptoms following personal exposure to traumatic stressor
• 1) Reexperiencing event
• 2) avoidance of associated thoughts, feelings and activities
• 3) Arousal- Sleeping problems

• 1) Problem- Focused: Actively dealing with stress
• 2) Supress emotions: Less likely to seek out wayt to control stressor

• Illicited by conditioned stimulus
• Very similar to unconditioned response

• Different than fear and anxiety
• Latin- Strictus and Old french- Etrace

Responses learned to particular stimuli also come to be made to simular stimuli (i.e. rat--> furry, white stimuli)

• 1) Is reaction proportional to ACTUAL danger?
• 2) Is stress response functional? Internalizing and reflrecting on FAILURE = Bad

Previously called neorosis

• 1) Strategies/ tactics used to deal with stressful situations and responses
• 2) how effective the strategies are

• 1) Establish hierarchy of feared situations
• 2) Teach relaxation
• 3) Pair relaxation with feared situations
• Images, scenarios and even actual exposure

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks

• In order to extinguish fear response, whole complex of stimuli must be experienced.
• This is done in the absence of real punishment.