-
Coping Stratgies- 8 Sub Categories
- 1) Confrontive Coping (P)- Includes Risk Taking
- 2) Planful (P)- Analytical
- 3) Distancing (E)- Detach
- 4) Self-Control (E)
- 5) Accepting Responsibility (E)- Ownership of Own Role
- 6) Escape-Avoidance (E)- Wishful Thinking; engaging in other activities
- 7) Positive Reappraisal (E)- Personal Growth; Looking at silverlining
- 8) Social Support (P/E)
-
Respondent
- Classic Conditioning
- Automatically Elicited or Unconditioned Response
-
Ellis' Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)
- Tackles:
- Illogical Thinking- primary factor
- Perfectionist Goals
- 'Awfulizing'- Self-defeating
- Cures unreason by reason
- Therapists are active, directive and confrontive
- Self-Help/ Self-Management
-
Yerkes Dodson Inverted U-Model
- Intermediate Levels of stress= enhanced performance
- High and low stress can both produce low productivity
-
Self-Eficacy
- Expectations of personal mastery
- I can execute behavior to produce desired outcomes
-
Classical Conditioning
- Pavlovian
- Pair neutral stumuli with stimuli that elicits response automomatically without prior learning
-
Coping in:
1) Infancy/ Early Childhood
2) Older Children/ Adolescent
3) Adolescent
- 1) Coping at conception: Crying, self-soothing (finger sucking, move from stress, arms up to be held)
- 2) Problem solving thoughts, emotion control strategies (I made myself be still)
- 3) Problem-focused= better adjustment/ less stress
- Avoidance and emotion focused= less effective
-
1) Problem-Focused
2) Emotion-Focused
- 1) Modify, minimize avoid--> Direct attack on stressor
- 2) Moderate, elminate emotions, positive reappraisal, denial, wishful thinking--> Helps with uncontrollable but not sustainable in long-term
-
1) Objective anxiety
2) Neurotic Anxiet
- 1) Troubled mind about a specific something
- 2) Troubled about things we cannot change --> keeps you from doing something about it.
-
1) Hardiness
2) Locus of Control
3) Learned Resourcefulness
4) Optimism
- 1) A- Commitment to self; B- Believe in control; C- Challenge is positive and normal
- 2) Can look inward and outward to place blame
- 3) Problem-solving, Emotion reuglation, believe they can deal with 'Reasonable Stress'
- 4) Generalized expectancey that good things will happen
-
Measuring Stress Reactions
- 1) Self-Report (i.e. tests)
- 2) Behavioral obsrevations
- 3) Physiological Measures (cardiovascular, muscular tension)
-
Extinction
- Gradual Diminuation of a learned response because the response does not receive reinforcement
- Operants are lowered without reward
- Conditioned response lowers without the unconditioned stimuli
-
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Exessive, continual and unrealistic worry that is difficult to control.
-
Stimuus Narrowing
- Operant
- Restricting situations in which a problem behavior can be emitted
- (if you want to sulk you have to go in the garage)
-
Meichenbaum's Stress Inoculation Trainin (SIT)
- Teaches Emotion and Problem focused
- 1) conceptualization- Stress reaction in understandable context
- 2) skills acquisition and rehearsal- self-dialogue lowers stress and increases problem solving attitude
- 3) application and follow through- exposure to stressor and applying coping strategies
-
Neurotic
Blanket reaction to anything remotely similar
-
1) Stressors
2) Acute Stressors
3) Chronic Stressor
- 1) Circumstance that induces stress response
- 2) Brief exposure with start and stop point
- 3) Persistant exposture without clear demarcation
-
Cognitive-Behavioral
- Cognitions and behaviors and emotions are inter-related
- Alleviate physiological (i.e. uscle tension) and teaches coping skills
-
Ivan Pavlov
- Classical Conditioning
- Russian
- Studying digestion--> saliva output triggered by meat powder scent
- Watson's ideas based on this as well
-
1) State Anxiety
2) Trait Anxiety
- 1) Momentary State--> If stressor is removed then anxiety is removed/ coped with and comes and goes
- 2) Consistent--> part of personality/ disposition and constant but about different issues.
-
1) Primary Appraisal
2) Secondary Appraisal
- 1) Initial assessment of an event- how it will it affect well being
- 2) Evaluate resources (coping options to escame/ minimize stress
Coping is Transactional and there is constant primary/ secondary appraisal
-
Paradoxes of Stress
- 1) Rational and irrational
- 2) Normal and abnormal
- 3) Everyday and Life Changing
- 4) Universal and Unique
- 5) Enhances and Hinders
- 6) Brings out the Best and Worst
- 7) To fix either Do or Don't
- 8) Past, present and future
-
Contingency Contract
- Operant conditioning
- Agreement between two parties- rewards for certain behaviors
-
Social Support
- Key in coping aid and stress buffer
- Perception of people power is most closely related to how an individual deals versus reality
-
Discriminative Stimulus
- Operant conditioning
- Environmental cue indicates that an operant behavior at this time will be reinforced
-
Unconditioned Stimulus
- Classic Conditioning
- Any stimulus without prior learning elicits a particular response
-
Define Mental Mind/ Illness
- 1) Impact daily functioning
- 2) Causes suffering to individual or others
- 3) volitile/ Labile
- 4) Behavior violates a social norm
Must be more than one but not all of them
-
Skinner
- Operant--> fear is not an operant behavior
- Punishment for behavior will not change behavior; must be reinforced with positive response
- Behavior response can be altered but not the fear
-
Conditioned Stimulus
- A stimulus that is natural prior to learning
- When paired with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a conditioned response
-
Unconditioned Response
Unlearned response --> reflex that is automatically elicited by UC stimulus
-
Learned Helplessness
- Emotion focused only
- Repeated exposure to averse situations leads to no control
- 1) loss of motivation to respond
- 2) diminished learning ability
- 3) emotional disturbance (Depression/ anxiety)
-
STAI Stress Inventory
- Presumes dispositional tendency of stress response
- Predictive of fear related to threat of self-esteem or failure- NOT phobias, specific situations or strong physical threat
-
Cognitive Appraisal
- Draw conclusions about perceived danger (over or underestimate)
- A situation becomes stressful only if we contrue ti to be so.
- Stimulus + Perception = Emotion or Response
-
Operant Conditioning
- Voluntarily emitted response (operants
- Appropriate operant behavior is crucial to stress coping
- Discriminate and generalize stimuli (cues) in others
- Responses are discriminant and generalized
- Can diminishg excessive behaviors
- Teach behaviors to increase 'good' behaviors
-
1) Phobia
2) Social Phobia
3) Specific/ Simple Phobia
- 1) Persistent fear of specific, clearly defined objects or situations
- 2) Fear of/ avoiding situations where a task is performed while other watch/ evaluate
- 3) Wide range of non-social objects/ situations (i.e. storms, animals)
-
OCD
Persistent ideas, thoughts, impusles or images that cause uncontrollable anxiety combined with behavior to reduce anxiety
-
Beneficial Elements of Stress
- 1) Coping and problem solving skills
- 2) Self-efficacy
- 3) Self-esteem
-
Attachment
- Must be attached to someone who:
- 1) consistent
- 2) can attend to needs
- 3) attuned to me
Connected to most/ all psychological issues in life
-
Freud
- Capacity for anxiety as innate self-preservation instinct
- Anxiety is part of human existence
-
Counterconditioning Techniques
- 1) Aversive
- 2) Cognitively induced aversion
- 3) Orgasmic reconditioning
-
John B. Watson
- 3 stimuli that innately produce fear:
- 1) pain
- 2) sudden loss of support
- 3) noise
- All other fears are learned through classical conditioning
- behaviorist
- Sees child as blank slate
-
Desensitization and Exposure Techniques
- Used to diminish anxiety responses
- Change emotional response to stressors
- Emotion coping
-
Counterconditioning
Used to change emotional reactions to problematic situations
-
Lazarus and Folkman
Stress appraisal and coping techniques
-
Fear Conditioning
- Watson an Paynor
- Unconditional Response Stimulus
- Unconditioned REsponse
- Conditioned Response stimulus
- Conditioned response
CS (Sounds) --> CR (Salavation)
UCS (Food) --> UCR (Salivation)
-
1) Nature
Vs.
2) Nurture
- 1) Fetal hormones, biological make-up, in-born genetic/ natural to human species
- 2) Who raised you, culture, where you were raised
-
Panic Attack
- Sudden onset of intense apprehension, fearfulness, or terror associated with impending doom
- Breathing, choking, palpitations, chest pain
-
1) Fear
2) Anxious
- 1) Source of stress can be readily identified
- 2) Troubled mind about uncertain event
-
Reciprocal Inhibition
- Mechanism by which systematic desensitization works
- Weakens anxiety responses and relaxation is strengthened
-
Observational Conditioning
The parent freaks out at dogs and the child observes and then freaks out at dogs
-
Gray
- Other stimuli cause fear without conditioning: darkness, dead or mutliated bodies
- Evolutionary factore impact fear
- Arguments against Classical Conditioning:
- 1) Reaction is very different between impnding exposure and actual
- 2) Trauma can occur after 1 exposure
-
Exposure Techniques
- Face Stimuli, cannot avoid
- Pull fear to the maximum until situation no longer elicits anxiety
-
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
- Identify stress-inducing ideas
- Systematically question the evidence against illogical thinking
- Closely connected with treatment of depression
-
3 things that make up human mind
- 1) Behavior (concious and unconcious)
- 2) Cognition (perception)
- 3) Emotion/ feelings/ affect
-
PTSD
- Symptoms following personal exposure to traumatic stressor
- 1) Reexperiencing event
- 2) avoidance of associated thoughts, feelings and activities
- 3) Arousal- Sleeping problems
-
1) Coper
2) Avoider
- 1) Problem- Focused: Actively dealing with stress
- 2) Supress emotions: Less likely to seek out wayt to control stressor
-
Conditioned Response
- Illicited by conditioned stimulus
- Very similar to unconditioned response
-
Stress
- Different than fear and anxiety
- Latin- Strictus and Old french- Etrace
-
Generalization
Responses learned to particular stimuli also come to be made to simular stimuli (i.e. rat--> furry, white stimuli)
-
Anxiety disorders
- 1) Is reaction proportional to ACTUAL danger?
- 2) Is stress response functional? Internalizing and reflrecting on FAILURE = Bad
Previously called neorosis
-
1) Coping Processes
2) Coping Outcomes
- 1) Strategies/ tactics used to deal with stressful situations and responses
- 2) how effective the strategies are
-
Systematic Desensitization
- 1) Establish hierarchy of feared situations
- 2) Teach relaxation
- 3) Pair relaxation with feared situations
- Images, scenarios and even actual exposure
-
Panic Disorder
Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
-
Implosive Therapy
- In order to extinguish fear response, whole complex of stimuli must be experienced.
- This is done in the absence of real punishment.
|
|