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A particle that is a fundamental building block of all matter.- tiny particles that are building blocks for all substances
Atom
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positively charges subatomic particle that occurs in the nucleus of all atoms.
Protons
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Uncharged subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus.
Neutron
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Core of an atom; occupied by protons and neutrons.
Neucleus
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Negatively charged subatomic particles that occupies orbitals around an atomic nucleus.
Electron
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Electrical property. Opposite charges attract, and like charges repel.
Charge
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Number of Protons in the atomic nucleus; determines the element.
Atomic number
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A pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons.( most common are: O, Cl, N, C, H, P, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K.)
Elements
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A tabular arrangement of the elements by atomic number.
Periodic table
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Forms of an element that differ in the number or neutrons their atoms carry.
Isotopes
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Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an element's atoms.
Mass number
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Isotope with an unstable nucleus.
Radioisotope
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The process by which atoms of a radioisotope emit energy, and/ or subatomic particles, when their nucleus spontaneously disintegrates.
Radioactive decay
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Substance with a dependable component, such as a molecule labeled with radioisotope
tracer
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What are the subatomic particles of atoms?
Protons, neutrons and electrons
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What are the subatomic atoms that build the nucleus?
Protons and neutrons
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What are the charges of the subatomic particles?
protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge and electrons are negatively charged.
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What is an isotope?
an isotope is an atom with a different number of neutrons
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What is radioactive decay?
when a radioisotope breaks down and releases radiation.
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Model of electrons distribution in an atom.
Shell model
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Atom with an unpaired electron
Free radical
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Atom that carries a charge because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons.
Ion
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What characteristics of the outer most shell dictates its tendency to gain or loose electrons?
they can gain a positive charge by loosing an electron or gain a negative charge by accepting an electron.
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How are electrons organized around the atomic nucleus?
they are on orbitals called shells.
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What is an ion?
an atom that has unequal numbers of electrons and protons.
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An attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact.
Chemical bond
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Groups of two or more atoms that are joined by chemical bonds.
molecule
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Molecule that has atoms of more than one element.
Compound
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Chemical bond that consists of a strong mutual attraction between ions of opposite charge.
Ionic bond
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Separation of charge into positive and negative regions.
Polarity
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Measure of the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms.
Electronegativity
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Chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons.
Covalent bond
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in the molecule H2O the O is negatively charged and the H is positively charged the Oxygen then pulls the electrons from the Hydrogen atom towards itself
this is called a Dipole Moment.
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What are the three types of Chemical bonds?
Ionic,Polar Covalent and nonpolar covalent bonds
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How do we characterize each type of bond?
- an ionic bond is when there is attraction between ions with opposite charges.
- A Covalent bond two atoms share a pair of electrons
- Hydrogen bond has attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond.
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Attraction between a convalent bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond.
Hydrogen Bond
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Transition of a liquid to a gas.
Evaperation
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A measure of molecular motion- a way to measure the energy of molecular motion.
Temperature
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Property of a substance that arises from the tendency of its molecules to resist separating from one another.(water has this from Hydrogen bonds)
Cohesion
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a substance that can devolve other substances. water is excellent for this because of its ability to form Hydrogen Bonds
Solvent
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Describes a substance that dissolves easily in water. (water loving)
Hydrophilic
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Ionic compound that releases ions other than H+ and OH- when it desolves in water.
Salt
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A dissolved substance.
Solute
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Homogeneous mixture.(ex. salt dissolved in water,)
Solution
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An intermingling of two or more types of molecules.
Mixture
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Describes a substance that resists dissolving in water.(water hating, ex. oils)
Hydrophobic
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What is the unique characteristic of the water molecule?
it has Cohesion
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What are the emergent properties of water?
Cohesion, hydration shell, and temperature
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the number of molecules or ions per unit volume of solution.
Concentration.
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A measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a fluid.
pH
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A Substance that releases Hydrogen ions in water.(lower pH)
Acid
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A substance that accepts hydrogen ions in water.(raises pH)
Base
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Set of chemicals that can keep the pH of a solution stable by alternately donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH.
Buffer system
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What is responsible for raising a pH?
Bases
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What is responsible for lowering a pH?
Acids
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How do we define acids and bases?
Substances that rise or lower the pH level.
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What is the roll of a buffer in biological systems?
it acts as a stabilizer of the pH level.
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