A&P

Studies the structure of the body parts along with their relationship to one another and concerns the function of the body, how the body parts work, and carry out there life-sustaining activities 

The ability of the body to maintain a relativity constant internal environment regardless of the environment changes 

Organ systems cannot work in isolation; they work together cooperatively to promote the well being of the entire body

Most diseases can be regarded as a result of its disturbance 

The output shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity 

occurs in the opposite direction as the initial disturbance 

• The result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated 
• occurs in the same direction as the initial disturbance

• Body erect
• feet slightly apart
• palms facing forward

Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk 

Consists of the appendages or limbs which are attached to the body's axis

A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts

line lies exactly in the midline 

Offset from the midline 

Lie vertically and divide the body into anterior or posterior 

Runs horizontally from right to left dividing the body into superior or inferior 

Any plane not parallel to the above 3 planes

• Farther away from the origin
• only used for arms and legs

Close to the origin if body part 

Toward or at midline 

Away from the midline 

Forward or at the body surfaces

• Protects the fragile nervous system organs
• cranial cavity- encases the brain
• vertebral cavity- encloses the delicate spinal cord

Houses visceral organs

• Surrounded by muscles and ribs 
• Mediastinum-trachea, esophagus, and pericardial cavity (heart) 
• pleural- lungs 

• Abdominal-stomach, intestines, and liver 
• pelvic-bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs 

Oral, nasal, orbital, synovial (joints in the neck), middle ear (ear drum)

• Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
• left upper quadrant (LUQ)
• right lower quadrant (RLQ)
• left lower quadrant (LLQ)

• Umbilical region
• epigastric region
• hypogastric region
• right & left iliac region
• right & left lumbar region
• right & left hypochondriac regions

• Package their secretions into secretory vesicles and release secretion by exocytosis
• cell remains intact and not damaged

• Cells accumulate their products within them until they rupture
• viscous mixture of both cell fragments and the product
• cells are constantly replaced 

• They all arise from mesenchyme
• degrees of vascularity
• 3 basic components
• are separated by non living extracellular matrix

• Cartilage is avascular
• dense connective tissue is poorly vascularized

• Cells
• extracellular matrix (ECM)
• extracellular protein fibers

• Cells
• protein fibers
• ground substance

• Nervous
• muscle
• epithelial
• connective

Group of cells similar in structure or perform a common/similar function

Covers the body surfaces, lines the body cavities, and forms the majority of of glans

• Composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells
• connection between cells:
• desmosomes
• tight junctions
• gap junctions

• Anchoring junctions
• holds cells together in high stress
• abundant in tissues subjected to mechanical stress

• Forms an impermeable junction that encircles the cells
• prevents molecules from passing through extracellular space between adjacent cells

• Communicating junction between adjacent cells
• cells are chemically connected

• Presence of structural and functional differences between the exposed and attached surfaces
• epithelium has an apical and basal surface

Exposed either to the external environment or to some other internal body surface 

Lower side that attaches to the underlying connective tissue

• Basal surface attached to the basement membrane 
• noncellular, adhesive sheet that attaches the epithelium to the underlying connective tissues
• produced by the basal cells and CT
• forms a selective molecular barrier between epithelium and CT

• All epithelium lack blood vessels
• epithelium is richly innervated to detect changes in the environment 

• Replacement of destroyed tissues with the same kind of tissues
• if and when their apical-basal polarity and lateral contacts are destroyed, they reproduce rapidly
• as long as they receive nutrition they will replace lost cells with cell division

• Main functions- forms boundaries between different environments 
• other functions- protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

Given 2 names... based on the number of layers present (simple, stratified) and the shape of the cells present (squamous, cubodial, or columnar)

• Composed of a single cell layer
• all cells are in contact with the basement membrane
• found where stress is minimal
• functions: diffusion, absorption, secretion, and filtration

• Consist of two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other
• top layer is apical, lower layer is attached to the basement membrane
• common in high abrasion areas
• main functions: protection

• flat
• wide
• irregular in shape
• nucleus somewhat flattened

• Tall as they are wide
• not perfect cubes, edges may be round
• nucleus is spherical and within the center of the cell

• Tall and column like
• nucleus is the oval and usually at the basal side of the cell 

Consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product (secretion) 

A goblet cell which produces mucous

• By the number of cells (unicellular, multicellular) 
• site of product release (endocrine, exocrine)

• Produce hormones 
• secrete into the bloodstream
• all multicellular

Composed of a duct and secretory unit, it secretes their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities