-
way an organsim reacts to an internal condition of the external environment
behavior
-
any kind of signal that carries information and can be detected
stimulus
-
a specific reaction to a stimulus
response
-
a behavior that is known before the animal is ever exposed to a stimulus
innate behavior
-
the process of aquring new behavior from experiences
learning
-
4 types of learning
- habituation
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- insight learnng
-
process wwhere bu an animal learns to ignore a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards or harms the animal
habituation
-
an anmal makes a connection between a stimulus and a reward or punishment
classical conditioning
-
an animal makes a conection between a certain behavior and a reward or punishment
operant conditioning
-
ab animal applies a previously learned behavior to an unlearned situation
insight learning
-
the young of certain species will learn to recognize and follow the first moving object they come in contact with
imprinting
-
the passing of imformation from one organism to another
communication
-
4 kinds of communication
- visual
- chemical
- sound
- language(only used naturaly by humans)
-
small organelles fileld with enzymes. they break down oe digest lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, into small molecules that can be used bt the rest of the cell.
lysomes
-
sac like structeres that store materials such as ,water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
vacuoles
-
organelles that conver the chemical energy in food into compounds that are more convienient for the cell to use
mitochondria
-
organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and conert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.
chloroplast
-
a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. the ________ is also involved in movement
cytoskeleton
-
structures that are in eukaryotic cells that act as specialized organs
organelle
-
portion of cell outsiude nucleus
cytoplasm
-
where th assembly of ribosomes begines
nucleus
-
threadlike structures that contains genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
chromasomes
-
dna bound to protein most og the time ______ is spread throughout the nucleus when a cell divides however ______ cindenses to form chromasomes
chromatin
-
small particles of rna and protein found through out the cytoplasm
ribosomes
-
the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
-
modifies sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage i the cell or secretion outside the cell
golgi reticulum
-
sereies of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
cell cycle
-
period of the cell cycle between divisions
interphase
-
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
mitosis
-
first and longest phase of mitosis -chromasomes become visible and the centrioles separate
prophase
-
2nd phase of mitosis
metaphase
-
3rd phase of mitosis
anaphase
-
4th phase of mitosis
telophase
-
divisuion of the cytoplasm during the cell division
cytokinesis
-
scientific study of heredty
genetics
-
process in sexual reproduction in whch male and femal reproductive cells join to form new cells
fertilization
-
specfic charcateristic that varies from one individual to another
trait
-
sequence of dna that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
genes
-
one of a number of different forms of a gene
alleles
-
special cell involved in sexual reproduction
gamestes
-
has two identical alleles for a particular trait
homozygous
-
has 2 different alleles for a trait
heterozygous
-
physical characteristics of an organism
phenotype
-
genetic makeup of an organism
genotyoe
-
the trait that appears more often
dominant allele
-
the trait that only appears when both alleles are recessive
recessive allele
-
one allele isnt completelt dominant over another
incomplete dominance
-
both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype
codominance
-
when more than two alleles exist in a population
multiple alleles
-
traits caused by two or more genes
polygenic traits
-
process of reduction division in which the number of chromasomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromasomes in a diploid cell
meiosis
-
a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromasomes
diploid
-
contains only a single set of chromasomes
haploid
-
shows the relative locations of each known genes
gene map
-
nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose
DNA
-
monomers that make up nucloic acid
nucleoitide
-
watson and crick's model of dna where two strands were wound atound each other
double helix
-
consisit of DNA that is tightly coiled around the proteins called histomes
chromatin
-
before a cell divides it duplicates its dna in _______
replication
-
the principal enzyme involved in DNA replication
DNA polymerase
-
coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell
genes
-
RNA mollecules that carry copies of instructions for assembling amino acid
mRNA
-
the process in which DNA becomes RNA
transcription
-
main enzyme for transcription
RNA polymerase
-
sequences of nucleotides in the DNA of eukaryotic genes
intron
-
DNA sequences that code for proteins
Exon
-
consist of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide
codon
-
the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein)
translation
-
charges in genetic materials
mutation
-
to study the diversity of life biologist use a clasification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner
taxonomy
-
each species is assigned a twopart scientific name
binomial nomeclature
-
group or level of orginzation into whic organisms are classified
taxon
-
8 taxons
dominion,kingdom,phylum,clan,order,family,genus,species
-
three domains
eukarya,bacteria,eubacteria
-
unicellualr organism lacking a nucleus
prokaryote
-
organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes, also called a consumer
heterotrophs
-
organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds, also called a producer
autotrophs
-
type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its dna and divides in half producung two identical daughter cells
binary fission
-
form of sexual reproduction in which paramecum and some prokaryote exchange genetic information
conjugation
-
particles of nucleic acid, protein and in some cases, lipids.
virus
-
viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophage
-
containRNA as their genetic information
Retrovirus
-
Disease causing agents
pathogens
-
-
n of weakened or killed pathogens
vaccine
-
compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacterium
antibiotcs
-
any organism that isnt a plant an animal, fungus, a prokaryote
protist
-
temporary cytoplasmic projections used for ammoebic movement
pseudopods
-
type of locamotion used by amoebas
amoeboid movement
-
a small cavty in the cytoplasm that temporarily store food
food vacuole
-
fan like projections similar to flagella
cilia
-
constitute the population of small photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean
phytoplankton
-
obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter
fungi
-
make up the cell walls of fungi
chitin
-
thin filaments that make up multicillular fungi
hyphae
-
many hyphae tangled together in a thick mass
mycelium
-
produces spores and is found in some fungi like protist
fruiting body
-
root-like hyphae that penatrates the surface of an object
rhizoids
-
stem-like hyphae that run along the surface of bread
stolon
-
asexual process by which yeast increase in number
budding
-
symbotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
lichen
|
|