biology 1 finals

way an organsim reacts to an internal condition of the external environment

any kind of signal that carries information and can be detected

a specific reaction to a stimulus

a behavior that is known before the animal is ever exposed to a stimulus

the process of aquring new behavior from experiences

4 types of learning

process wwhere bu an animal learns to ignore a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards or harms the animal

an anmal makes a connection between a stimulus and a reward or punishment

an animal makes a conection between a certain behavior and a reward or punishment

ab animal applies a previously learned behavior to an unlearned situation

the young of certain species will learn to recognize and follow the first moving object they come in contact with

the passing of imformation from one organism to another

4 kinds of communication

small organelles fileld with enzymes. they break down oe digest lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, into small molecules that can be used bt the rest of the cell.

sac like structeres that store materials such as ,water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

organelles that conver the chemical energy in food into compounds that are more convienient for the cell to use

organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and conert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.

a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. the ________ is also involved in movement

structures that are in eukaryotic cells that act as specialized organs

portion of cell outsiude nucleus

where th assembly of ribosomes begines

threadlike structures that contains genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

dna bound to protein most og the time ______ is spread throughout the nucleus when a cell divides however ______ cindenses to form chromasomes

small particles of rna and protein found through out the cytoplasm

the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell

modifies sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage i the cell or secretion outside the cell

sereies of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

period of the cell cycle between divisions

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

first and longest phase of mitosis -chromasomes become visible and the centrioles separate

2nd phase of mitosis

3rd phase of mitosis

4th phase of mitosis

divisuion of the cytoplasm during the cell division

scientific study of heredty

process in sexual reproduction in whch male and femal reproductive cells join to form new cells

specfic charcateristic that varies from one individual to another

sequence of dna that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

one of a number of different forms of a gene

special cell involved in sexual reproduction

has two identical alleles for a particular trait

has 2 different alleles for a trait

physical characteristics of an organism

genetic makeup of an organism

the trait that appears more often

the trait that only appears when both alleles are recessive

one allele isnt completelt dominant over another

both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype

when more than two alleles exist in a population

traits caused by two or more genes

process of reduction division in which the number of chromasomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromasomes in a diploid cell

a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromasomes

contains only a single set of chromasomes

shows the relative locations of each known genes

nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose

monomers that make up nucloic acid

watson and crick's model of dna where two strands were wound atound each other

consisit of DNA that is tightly coiled around the proteins called histomes

before a cell divides it duplicates its dna in _______

the principal enzyme involved in DNA replication

coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell

RNA mollecules that carry copies of instructions for assembling amino acid

the process in which DNA becomes RNA

main enzyme for transcription

sequences of nucleotides in the DNA of eukaryotic genes

DNA sequences that code for proteins

consist of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide

the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein)

charges in genetic materials

to study the diversity of life biologist use a clasification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner

each species is assigned a twopart scientific name

group or level of orginzation into whic organisms are classified

8 taxons

three domains

unicellualr organism lacking a nucleus

organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes, also called a consumer

organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds, also called a producer

type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its dna and divides in half producung two identical daughter cells

form of sexual reproduction in which paramecum and some prokaryote exchange genetic information

particles of nucleic acid, protein and in some cases, lipids.

viruses that infect bacteria

containRNA as their genetic information

Disease causing agents

a preparati

n of weakened or killed pathogens

compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacterium

any organism that isnt a plant an animal, fungus, a prokaryote

temporary cytoplasmic projections used for ammoebic movement

type of locamotion used by amoebas

a small cavty in the cytoplasm that temporarily store food

fan like projections similar to flagella

constitute the population of small photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean

obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter

make up the cell walls of fungi

thin filaments that make up multicillular fungi

many hyphae tangled together in a thick mass

produces spores and is found in some fungi like protist

root-like hyphae that penatrates the surface of an object

stem-like hyphae that run along the surface of bread

asexual process by which yeast increase in number

symbotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism