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What is the most painful part of the injection?
going through the skin
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What type of injections are preferred over IM injections?
SQ
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What is the maximum amount of cc per injection site?
15 - 20 cc (5 - 10 cc in small ruminants and <100# pigs and neonates)
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Where do we do SQ injections in cattle?
front half of lateral neck
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What gauge needle do we use when doing SQ injection in cattle?
14 - 18g
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How long should our needle be when doing SQ injections in cattle?
3/4 - 1 inch
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Where do we give SQ injections in goats?
front half of the lateral neck (lateral neck just in front of shoulder or in triangle over back behind withers)
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What gauge needle do we use when doing SQ injections in goats? How long should our needle be?
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Where do we give SQ injections in sheep?
- use wool free area
- axilla or flank
- same as goats if shorn
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What gauge needle do we use when doing SQ injections in sheep? How long should our needle be?
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Where do we give SQ injections in pigs?
- adults: dorsolateral neck or over ham, large SQ space and can do blindly
- piglets: in flank
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What gauge needle do we use when doing SQ injections in pigs? How long should the needle be?
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Where do we give SQ injections in horses?
- lateral neck in front of shoulder
- rarely use (most give IM)
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What gauge needle do we use when doing SQ injections in horses? How long should the needle be?
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Which muscles are most often used for IM injections?
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What is the maximum amount of cc per site for IM injections?
15 - 20 cc
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Always remember, muscle is _____.
meat
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Where do we give IM injections in cattle?
- neck is preferred
- gluteals next then hamstrings last
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What gauge needle do we use when doing IM injections in cattle? How long should our needle be?
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Where do we give IM injections in small ruminants?
- neck is preferred but volume dependent
- gluteals are volume dependent as well
- often the hamstrings are a necessary evil
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What gauge needle do we use for IM injections in small ruminants? How long should the needle be?
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Where do we give IM injections in swine?
- hamstring is almost your only option and should be avoided
- large amount of SQ fat often prevents use of other sites
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What gauge needle do we use for IM injections in pigs? How long should the needle be?
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Where do we give IM injections in horses?
- neck for smaller amounts
- gluteals and hamstrings for larger amounts
- other sites include pectorals and triceps
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What gauge needle do we use for IM injections in horses? How long should the needle be?
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What is most often used for IV injections?
jugular
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How do we direct the needle when doing IV injections?
- direct needle "down" towards the heart
- blood should be dark red and dripping or lightly pulsing (not bright red and spurting)
- start at mid neck level with syringe detached if using jugular
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What sites can we do IV injections in cattle? What is the gauge needle and length of needle for each site?
- jugular: 14 - 18 g, 1 - 1 1/2 inch
- tail vein: 18 - 20 g, 1 inch
- other sites: milk vein or ear vein
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What sites can we do IV injections in small ruminants? What is the gauge needle and length of needle for each site?
- jugular: 18 - 20 g, 1 - 1 1/2 inch
- easy to visualize in goats, need to clip fleece in sheep
- cephalic may be used as well
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What sites can we do IV injections in swine? What is the gauge needle and length of needle for each site?
- jugular is impossible to visualize
- blind stick of the cranial vena cava for large sample
- 20 gauge, 1 1/2 inch for pigs <50#
- 18 gauge, 4 1/2 inch for adult pigs
- ear vein used for small samples or administration of meds: 20 - 22 gauge, 3/4 - 1 inch, butterfly catheter commonly used
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What sites can we do IV injections in horses? What is the gauge needle and length of needle used?
- jugular: 16 - 20 g, 1 - 1 1/2 inch
- cephalic
- superficial thoracic vein
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Where do we place IV catheters?
in jugular
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What gauge needle and length do we use for IV catheters?
- 14 - 18 gauge
- 3 1/2 - 6 inches
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How do we direct the needle when placing an IV catheter?
towards the heart
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When do we give subconjunctival injections?
- used primarily in ruminants for the treatment of pinkeye
- places high concentrations of drug at site of infections that persists up to 72 hours
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How do we give a subconjunctival injection?
administered as a bleb under bulbar conjunctiva or palpebral conjunctiva
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When do we use intraperitoneal injections?
- most often used in juvenile animals for fluid therapy
- treatment of milk fever in dairy cows
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What are implants?
medications placed subcutaneously in the ear
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When do we use implants? Where are they placed?
- hormonal implants as growth promotants or possible estrus synchronization
- proper placement on back of ear deep in skin but superficial to cartilage
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What are growth promotants?
- contain hormones such as estradiol, testosterone, progesterone
- effects last from 2 - 5 months
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What are some examples of growth promotants?
- Ralgro
- Synovex
- Compudose
- Revalor
- Implus
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What are intranasal medications used for?
respiratory vaccines - induces local antibody production which is protective
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When do we do intramammary infusions?
- may be used for treatment of mastitisor other indications
- must distinguish between lactating and dry cow therapies
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