BIO chapter 2

anything that occupies space and has mass

• protons, neutrons, electrons
• protons and neutrons are equal in number

molecules formed from two or more different elements

• covalent
• ionic
• hydrogen
• Van der Waals

attractions betweeen molecules with low levels of polarity and smaller molecules

complete transfer of electrons

• cations = + charged particle
• anions = - charged particle

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleic acids

• sugars and starches
• represented by (CH₂O)_{n n= # of repeats}
• carbs used for structure - eg cellulose
• carbs used for storage - eg starch

• group of nonpolar molecules
• triglycerides
• phospholipids
• sterols

• fats
• oils
• primarily energy storage

• amphipathic
• 2 fatty acids (hydropobic)
• phosphate (hydropilic)
• important membrane molecule

• multi ring structure
• used in membranes - cholesterol, ergosterol
• bile acids
• hormones

• predominant organic molecule
• 22 different amino acid monomers
• polymerized with a peptide bond
• can be structural, mechanical, enzymatic

• primary = amino acid chain
• secondary = beta pleated, alpha helix
• tertiary = 3 dimensional folded polypeptide chan
• quaternary = more than one peptide chain

• genetic material of all cells
• encodes info for the cell
• four monomers A<C<G>T

• Purines = A and G
• Pyrimidines = C and T
• Chargaff's Rules = A and T, C and G

• involved in translation
• several kinds = mRNA, rRNa, tRNA, snRNA
• U NOT T

• chemical energy storage for the cell
• high energy bonds
• ATP is a nucleotide of adenine, ribose, and three phosphates
• each ATP releases 32kJ energy

• animal, plants, fungi, protists
• have a nucleus and cellular organelles
• tend to be larger

• bacteria and arhae
• no nucleus or other organelles
• tend to be smaller